Seasonal and Spatial Variations in the Presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Rural Drinking Water Supply Systems in Different Municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia

Escobar, Catalina; Becerra-Agudelo, Evelyn; Hernández, Torres; Stiven, Maicol; Londoño, Yudy Andrea; Rodríguez, Diana Catalina; Peñuela, Gustavo A.

doi:10.1007/s11270-022-05760-0

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the present study, no significant seasonal variations were observed for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the surface water. A previous study conducted in Colombia (Escobar et al 2022 ) also reported that seasonality did not have a strong impact on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water systems. In contrast, a study conducted in Egypt (Hamdy et al 2019 ) found evidence of seasonality in the prevalence of both Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts in tap water, with higher levels observed during the summer season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants

Moussa,

Ashour,

Soliman

et al. 2023

Parasitol Res

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Over the past three decades, a notable rise in the occurrence of enteric protozoan pathogens, especially Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., in drinking water sources has been observed. This rise could be attributed not only to an actual increase in water contamination but also to improvements in detection methods. These waterborne pathogens have played a pivotal role in disease outbreaks and the overall escalation of disease rates in both developed and developing nations worldwide. Consequently, the control of waterborne diseases has become a vital component of public health policies and a primary objective of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Limited studies applied real-time PCR (qPCR) and/or immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for monitoring Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp., particularly in developing countries like Egypt. Water samples from two conventional drinking water treatment plants and two compact units (CUs) were analyzed using both IFA and qPCR methods to detect Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Using qPCR and IFA, the conventional DWTPs showed complete removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium, whereas Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs achieved only partial removal. Specifically, Cryptosporidium gene copies removal rates were 33.33% and 60% for Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs, respectively. Niklah CU also removed 50% of Giardia gene copies, but no Giardia gene copies were removed by Mansheyat Alqanater CU. Using IFA, both Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs showed a similar removal rate of 50% for Giardia cysts. Additionally, Niklah CU achieved a 50% removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereas Mansheyat Alqanater CU did not show any removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Conventional DWTPs were more effective than CUs in removing enteric protozoa. The contamination of drinking water by enteric pathogenic protozoa remains a significant issue globally, leading to increased disease rates. Infectious disease surveillance in drinking water is an important epidemiological tool to monitor the health of a population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants

Moussa,

Ashour,

Soliman

et al. 2023

Parasitol Res

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“…Water To calculate the IRCA, not all 22 parameters must be present. Consequently, 11 parameters were used in this investigation [12,13] .To determine the IRCA, Utilizing Equation 6,…”

Section: Water Quality Index (Waqwi) Weighted Arithmetic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…√(13) 2.2.6. Iraq's Index of Water Quality (Iraqi WQI) these four procedures were used to create the Iraqi WQI.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Euphrates River’s Water Quality at a Some Sites in the Iraqi Governorates of Babylon and Karbala

Khlaif,

Al-Hassany

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The majority of third-world nations with rivers running through them struggle with the issue of contaminated water. It is believed to be a very difficult challenge to get the water quality below the typical permitted levels for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural reasons, is thought to be a very difficult challenge. This study aims to assess the quality of water available to the governorates of Karbala and Babylon. measuring water quality with the water quality index It expresses the water quality as a single number by comparing results from the analysis of a number of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters with current norms. The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI), the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI), the Weight Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the IRCA water quality index, and The Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraqi WQI), which was used for irrigation and drinking, will all be compared in this context. Twenty one parameters were analyzed, including pH, EC, TDS, Tem, DO, BOD, COD, NO3, Alkalinity, CL, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, B, SO4, Salinity, TOC, E.Coli., Total coliform. The results for five stations during three season ranged between medium and excellent for the NSF classification, while ranged between poor-marginal in CCME classification, the results were for OWQI classification between poor-fair-excellent, in WAWQI classification the results were within unsuitable to excellent, IRCA classification indicated that all stations fall within sanitary infeasible and in the last IRAQI classification the results were between very bad to bad for drinking water as for irrigation of agricultural lands, it is not acceptable for irrigation.

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“…The risk of contamination is significantly higher in surface waters when compared to underground waters, because of the spilling of treated and untreated domestic sewage (Bonatti et al, 2023;Cheng et al, 2009;Toledo; Martins; Freire, 2017) and the superficial water outflow containing bovine faeces (Escobar et al, 2022;Imre et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water for Human Consumption in Rural Areas Worldwide: A Systematic Review of the Presence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia</i> spp.

da Silva,

de Sousa,

Scalize

2023

J. Ecol. Eng.

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Reports of gastrointestinal disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic protozoans in rural areas are still small in numbers. This study has evaluated, at global level, the parasitological contamination by Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., of water resources used as sources for human consumption in rural areas, spanning from 1994 to 2022. For such, a systematic review was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines, applying a descriptive and statistical analysis to the data. A total of 29 eligible articles reported contamination in 90 different springs spread throughout six continents. It was possible to see a greater tendency of giardiasis outbreak occurrences in water coming from surface springs in countries with higher HDI (above 0.8), justified by the lack of data in countries with other HDIs. The water sources intended for human supply in rural areas are susceptible to parasitological contamination, especially in Asia and Oceania. In spite of the fact that there have been no reports regarding giardiasis outbreaks in the reviewed studies, it is important to notice that the concentration of pathogens may have been greater due to the low recovery of the methods of detection. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct more studies about the contamination of water resources in rural areas, as well as the adoption of prevention measures regarding waterborne diseases, such as boiling water.

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Seasonal and Spatial Variations in the Presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Rural Drinking Water Supply Systems in Different Municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants

Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants

Assessment of the Euphrates River’s Water Quality at a Some Sites in the Iraqi Governorates of Babylon and Karbala

Water for Human Consumption in Rural Areas Worldwide: A Systematic Review of the Presence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Giardia</i> spp.

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