Seasonal characteristics of the gaseous and particulate PAHs at a roadside station in Seoul, Korea

Kim, J.Y.; Lee, J.Y.; Kim, Y.P.; Lee, S.-B.; Jin, Hyoun Cher

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.03.011

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…PAHs are found predominantly in the smallest size fraction (<0.4 µm), and most of the high molecular weight PAHs are found in the fine particle fraction (Hien et al, 2007). Diagnostic ratio analysis including the ratio between concentrations of indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene to the sum of indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene is also used for distinguishing between gasoline and diesel emissions (Chellam et al, 2005;He et al, 2006;Shen et al, 2010;Ancelet et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2012). Ratios between methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene has also been used for estimation of the contribution of traffic to PAH concentrations in ambient air (Lim et al, 1999).…”

Section: Exhaust Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review

Pant

Harrison

2013

Atmospheric Environment

999

480

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Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Despite its importance, there are significant challenges in quantitative evaluation of its contribution to airborne concentrations. This article first reviews the nature of the particle emissions from road vehicles including both exhaust and non-exhaust (abrasion and resuspension sources). It then briefly reviews the various methods available for quantification of the road traffic contribution. This includes tunnel/roadway measurements, twin site studies, use of vehicle-specific tracers and other methods. Finally, the application of receptor modelling methods is briefly described. Based on the review, it can be concluded that while traffic emissions continue to contribute substantially to primary PM emissions in urban areas, quantitative knowledge of the contribution, especially of nonexhaust emissions to PM concentrations remain inadquate.

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Section: Exhaust Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review

Pant

Harrison

2013

Atmospheric Environment

999

480

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“…PM-bound PAHs mainly originate from incomplete combustion processes [8,9]. Coal and biomass burning and vehicle exhaust are the main emission sources of atmospheric PAHs [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China

Yang

Suzuki

Zhang

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Particulate matter (PM) was collected in three different areas, SY-1, SY-2, and SY-3, in Shenyang, China, during the warm and cold seasons from 2012 to 2014. SY-1 was located beside a thermal power plant, far from the central area. SY-2 was near a coal heating boiler on the main road, close to the central area. SY-3 was on the main road, without fixed emission sources. Nine PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of total PAHs was higher in the cold season (92.6–316 ng m−3) than in the warm season (18.4–32.2 ng m−3). Five- and six-ring PAHs occupied a large percentage at all sites in the warm season, and four-ring PAHs were the dominant components in the cold season. Several diagnostic PAH ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs in Shenyang in the warm and cold seasons were not only coal burning but also vehicle emission. In this study, we suggest that a benzo[a]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene ratio ([BaP]/[BgPe]) of 0.6 was a useful indicator to speculate the relative significance of coal burning and vehicle exhaust. Although the Shenyang government has undertaken actions to address air pollution, the PM and PAH concentrations did not decrease significantly compared to those in our previous studies. The cancer risk calculated from the BaP equivalent total concentration at all three sites in the warm and cold seasons exceeded the acceptable limit established by the US EPA.

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“…However, the number of PAHs present in the environment is significantly larger and very little is known about their carcinogenic properties [ 35 ]. For this reason, most of air pollution studies have focused on sources, emission factors, and toxic effects of these 16-17 PAHs [ 2 , 23 , 34 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. Since nine out of the 16 EPA PAHs are mostly present in the particle phase, research has been focused on analysis of particle-bound PAHs, largely ignoring gas-phase PAHs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity?

Samburova

Zielińska

Khlystov

2017

Toxics

146

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Estimation of carcinogenic potency based on analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranked by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the most popular approach within scientific and environmental air quality management communities. The majority of PAH monitoring projects have been focused on particle-bound PAHs, ignoring the contribution of gas-phase PAHs to the toxicity of PAH mixtures in air samples. In this study, we analyzed the results of 13 projects in which 88 PAHs in both gas and particle phases were collected from different sources (biomass burning, mining operation, and vehicle emissions), as well as in urban air. The aim was to investigate whether 16 particle-bound U.S. EPA priority PAHs adequately represented health risks of inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAH mixtures. PAH concentrations were converted to benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPeq) toxicity using the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach. TEFs of PAH compounds for which such data is not available were estimated using TEFs of close isomers. Total BaPeq toxicities (∑88BaPeq) of gas- and particle-phase PAHs were compared with BaPeq toxicities calculated for the 16 particle-phase EPA PAH (∑16EPABaPeq). The results showed that 16 EPA particle-bound PAHs underrepresented the carcinogenic potency on average by 85.6% relative to the total (gas and particle) BaPeq toxicity of 88 PAHs. Gas-phase PAHs, like methylnaphthalenes, may contribute up to 30% of ∑88BaPeq. Accounting for other individual non-EPA PAHs (i.e., benzo(e)pyrene) and gas-phase PAHs (i.e., naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene) will make the risk assessment of PAH-containing air samples significantly more accurate.

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Seasonal characteristics of the gaseous and particulate PAHs at a roadside station in Seoul, Korea

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review

Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review

The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China

Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity?

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