Seasonal Cholera from Multiple Small Outbreaks, Rural Bangladesh

Stine, O. Colin; Alam, Munirul; Tang, Li; Nair, G. Balakrish; Siddique, A. K.; Faruque, Shah M.; Huq, Anwar; Colwell, Rita R.; Sack, R. Bradley; Morris, J. Glenn

doi:10.3201/eid1405.071116

Cited by 72 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Interestingly, the amount of DNP triplets varies from 2 to 9 in different V. cholerae strains. These simple sequence repeats, also designated VNTRs (for variable number of tandem repeats), were among a group of different VNTRs identified in a few additional loci of V. cholerae that recently have been utilized for strain typing and phylogeny studies of environmental and clinical isolates (35)(36)(37).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Metalloprotease Secreted by the Type II Secretion System Links Vibrio cholerae with Collagen

et al. 2015

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bVibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. The persistence of V. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. In contrast to the well-studied V. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the factors employed by the bacteria for the interaction with collagens. Collagens might serve as biologically relevant substrates, because they are the most abundant protein constituents of metazoan tissues and V. cholerae has been identified in association with invertebrate and vertebrate marine animals, as well as in a benthic zone of the ocean where organic matter, including collagens, accumulates. Here, we describe the characterization of the V. cholerae putative collagenase, VchC, encoded by open reading frame VC1650 and belonging to the subfamily M9A peptidases. Our studies demonstrate that VchC is an extracellular collagenase degrading native type I collagen of fish and mammalian origin. Alteration of the predicted catalytic residues coordinating zinc ions completely abolished the protein enzymatic activity but did not affect the translocation of the protease by the type II secretion pathway into the extracellular milieu. We also show that the protease undergoes a maturation process with the aid of a secreted factor(s). Finally, we propose that V. cholerae is a collagenovorous bacterium, as it is able to utilize collagen as a sole nutrient source. This study initiates new lines of investigations aiming to uncover the structural and functional components of the V. cholerae collagen utilization program. Members of the genus Vibrio are important inhabitants of the marine coastal waters, estuaries, and ocean sediments, with some pathogenic species also causing wound infections, primary septicemia, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea in humans (1, 2). Among the more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae, only O1 and O139 are recognized as agents of cholera, a potentially life-threatening diarrheal disease. Cholera remains a significant public health problem by affecting millions of people annually, predominantly in developing countries that have limited clean water supplies and poor sanitation (3). Infection of the human host occurs upon ingestion of water or food contaminated with the bacterium. Following colonization of the small intestine, V. cholerae utilizes a multicomponent secretory pathway, the type II secretion system (T2SS), to release cholera toxin. Cholera toxin induces acute diarrhea in people infected with cholera, enabling the bacteria to escape from the host into the aquatic reservoir (4). During interepidemic periods, V. cholerae persists freely or in association with various aquatic organisms, including copepods, insect egg masses, shellfish, and vertebrate fish (5-7). Extracellular proteins, including those secreted by the T2SS, have been implicated in facilitating the fitness of V. cholerae in both the human host and aquatic niches (4,6,8). The array of extrace...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Metalloprotease Secreted by the Type II Secretion System Links Vibrio cholerae with Collagen

et al. 2015

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“…The identity of presumptive colonies was confirmed by using a battery of specific biochemical, serological, and molecular methods. Five loci for MLVA were analyzed by using methods described in previous studies (10)(11)(12). Genomic DNA of 76 confirmed V. cholerae strains along with eight reference strains were subjected to next generation whole-genome Illumina and hybrid Illumina/454 sequencing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), a useful tool for tracking V. cholerae (10) and resolving distinct populations of clinical isolates from different geographic regions (11,12), was used to examine the clinical and environmental V. cholerae O1 isolates from Haiti and other geographical locations ( (Table S1), was performed for this study. Genome comparisons of these 76 genomes and an additional 27 V. cholerae genomes available in the public database were conducted to ascertain the degree of genomic diversity within V. cholerae isolates from the same epidemics.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains

Hasan

Choi

Eppinger

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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172

212

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The millions of deaths from cholera during the past 200 y, coupled with the morbidity and mortality of cholera in Haiti since October 2010, are grim reminders that Vibrio cholerae , the etiologic agent of cholera, remains a scourge. We report the isolation of both V . cholerae O1 and non-O1/O139 early in the Haiti cholera epidemic from samples collected from victims in 18 towns across eight Arrondissements of Haiti. The results showed two distinct populations of V. cholerae coexisted in Haiti early in the epidemic. As non-O1/O139 V . cholerae was the sole pathogen isolated from 21% of the clinical specimens, its role in this epidemic, either alone or in concert with V . cholerae O1, cannot be dismissed. A genomic approach was used to examine similarities and differences among the Haitian V . cholerae O1 and V . cholerae non-O1/O139 strains. A total of 47 V . cholerae O1 and 29 V . cholerae non-O1/O139 isolates from patients and the environment were sequenced. Comparative genome analyses of the 76 genomes and eight reference strains of V . cholerae isolated in concurrent epidemics outside Haiti and 27 V . cholerae genomes available in the public database demonstrated substantial diversity of V. cholerae and ongoing flux within its genome.

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that annually, about 3 to 5 million people are affected worldwide by cholera and over 100,000 cases result in death (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html accessed on 11/12/2012). Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment, 1 which with evidence of new biotypes emerging from its environmental reservoir, 2,3 indicates that cholera bacteria cannot be eradicated. Because cholera outbreaks will continue to occur over time, the most effective means of controlling or preventing the disease is to minimize exposure to pathogenic strains and/or high concentrations of cholera bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera

Jutla

Whitcombe

Hasan

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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153

121

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Abstract. Cholera outbreak following the earthquake of 2010 in Haiti has reaffirmed that the disease is a major public health threat. Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to aquatic environment, hence, it cannot be eradicated but hydroclimatology-based prediction and prevention is an achievable goal. Using data from the 1800s, we describe uniqueness in seasonality and mechanism of occurrence of cholera in the epidemic regions of Asia and Latin America. Epidemic regions are located near regional rivers and are characterized by sporadic outbreaks, which are likely to be initiated during episodes of prevailing warm air temperature with low river flows, creating favorable environmental conditions for growth of cholera bacteria. Heavy rainfall, through inundation or breakdown of sanitary infrastructure, accelerates interaction between contaminated water and human activities, resulting in an epidemic. This causal mechanism is markedly different from endemic cholera where tidal intrusion of seawater carrying bacteria from estuary to inland regions, results in outbreaks.

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Seasonal Cholera from Multiple Small Outbreaks, Rural Bangladesh

Cited by 72 publications

References 12 publications

A Metalloprotease Secreted by the Type II Secretion System Links Vibrio cholerae with Collagen

A Metalloprotease Secreted by the Type II Secretion System Links Vibrio cholerae with Collagen

Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains

Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera

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