Seasonal distribution of mycobacterial skin ulcers.

Revill, W. D. L.; Barker, D. J. P.

doi:10.1136/jech.26.1.23

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Although there have been reports of a seasonal distribution in BU cases related to rainfall-influenced patterns of village waterbody usage [32], and by season in southeastern Australia [91], other studies have not shown this relationship [12]. Recording monthly trends for BU cases over a 3-year period in Benin, Sopoh et al [12] found consistent average monthly BU case occurrence, without an apparent seasonal trend.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

et al. 2010

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Buruli ulcer is a neglected emerging disease that has recently been reported in some countries as the second most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans after tuberculosis. Cases have been reported from at least 32 countries in Africa (mainly west), Australia, Southeast Asia, China, Central and South America, and the Western Pacific. Large lesions often result in scarring, contractual deformities, amputations, and disabilities, and in Africa, most cases of the disease occur in children between the ages of 4-15 years. This environmental mycobacterium, Mycobacterium ulcerans, is found in communities associated with rivers, swamps, wetlands, and human-linked changes in the aquatic environment, particularly those created as a result of environmental disturbance such as deforestation, dam construction, and agriculture. Buruli ulcer disease is often referred to as the ''mysterious disease'' because the mode of transmission remains unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. The above review reveals that various routes of transmission may occur, varying amongst epidemiological setting and geographic region, and that there may be some role for living agents as reservoirs and as vectors of M. ulcerans, in particular aquatic insects, adult mosquitoes or other biting arthropods. We discuss traditional and non-traditional methods for indicting the roles of living agents as biologically significant reservoirs and/or vectors of pathogens, and suggest an intellectual framework for establishing criteria for transmission. The application of these criteria to the transmission of M. ulcerans presents a significant challenge.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

et al. 2010

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“…This supports the results of a study in Uganda. 37 Swimming in rivers in rural areas is carried out generally for multiple purposes: 1) play or exercise, 2) fishing, 3) washing clothes, 4) fetching water, and 5) bathing. It is likely that the major purpose of children's swimming in rivers is play and exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Water-Related Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer: A Case-Control Study in Ghana

Aiga

Amano²,

Cairncross³

et al. 2004

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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To assess water-related risk factors of Buruli ulcer, a case-control study of 102 patients (51 cases and 51 controls) was undertaken by matching age group, sex, and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination history in Ghana. The factors used here for matching have previously been implicated as factors of Buruli ulcer, an emerging infectious disease. This is the first study to delineate a set of previously suspected, water-related risk factors, in a case-control study matching for age group, sex, and BCG vaccination status. The results of both bivariate and multivariate analyses presented a significantly high odds ratio (OR) only for swimming in rivers on a habitual basis (OR = 18.00, P < 0.01) among the major water-related risk factors. Use of water from rivers and ponds for drinking, cooking, bathing, and washing purposes were not significant risk factors. Our data suggest that swimming, or activities on riverbanks associated with it, is a risk factor.

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“…Since then many cases have from other countries been reported, particularly from areas in Uganda and Zaire where M. ulcerans infection is endemic (1,9,14). The source of M. ulcerans is thought to be environmental; however, the organism has never been cultured from environmental specimens (6,11). Efforts to culture the organism from soil, vegetation, and water are probably hampered by the slow rate of growth of M. ulcerans (6 to 12 weeks) and contamination by more rapidly growing acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular method for typing Mycobacterium ulcerans

et al. 1995

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A cluster of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections has recently occurred on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. Previous cases of infection have generally been located around Bairnsdale in southeast Gippsland. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological relationship between these strains and other strains originating in Australia and Africa. The previously described plasmid pTBN12 was used as a probe with restriction enzyme-digested chromosomal DNA to differentiate the strains of M. ulcerans. The probe was able to distinguish 11 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Forty-three strains originating in Victoria were divided into three types, i.e., V1, V2, and V3. The majority of strains (40) yielded a type V1 pattern, including strains from southeast Gippsland. Fourteen strains from Queensland yielded three additional RFLP types, i.e., Q1, Q2, and Q3. Five strains from Benin and seven strains from Zaire yielded five additional RFLP types. It is envisaged that molecular typing of M. ulcerans strains from around the world may have a great impact on understanding of the epidemiology of infection with this organism.

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Seasonal distribution of mycobacterial skin ulcers.

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Assessing Water-Related Risk Factors for Buruli Ulcer: A Case-Control Study in Ghana

Molecular method for typing Mycobacterium ulcerans

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