Seasonal Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Characteristics, and Performance of Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

Roelofs, Erica J.; Smith‐Ryan, Abbie E.; Trexler, Eric T.; Hirsch, Katie R.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.26

Cited by 33 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These apparently divergent results may be reconciled by age differences or preparedness and competition type and level. One small cross-sectional study on 9 US female collegiate swimmers and divers (body height: 173.8 cm and body mass: 65.3 kg), for instance, suggested that BF% is significantly higher pre-season, and the change is more evident in distance swimmers than sprinters [ 66 ]. Hence, anthropometry of elite-level female swimmers is subject to ongoing research and debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes

Jakše

Mis

et al. 2021

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Objective. Nutritional status is important for health and competitive achievement. This area remains understudied among elite-level female athletes and is appropriate for research. We examined nutritional status and cardiovascular health markers of two groups of female athletes of the same age and competition period, involved in weight-bearing and a non-weight-bearing sport: gymnasts (n = 17) and swimmers (n = 14); mean age 17.4 and 16.6 years. Methods. Body composition and dietary intake were assessed by bioelectrical impedance and Food Frequency Questionnaire. The concentrations of serum micronutrients (B12, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D), calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron), blood lipids, and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Setting and Participants. A cross-sectional study of 31 athletes from Slovenia. Results. Gymnasts had higher body mass index (21.5 vs. 20.1 kg/m2, p = 0.043 ) and lower fat free mass (42.4 vs. 46.6 kg, p = 0.024 ) than swimmers and comparable body fat percentage (22.5 vs. 22.8%). Both groups had low intake of carbohydrates, fibre, polyunsaturated fats, protein (only gymnasts), and micronutrients (11/13 micronutrients gymnasts and 4/13 swimmers) and high intake of free sugars and saturated fats. Both groups also had significantly lower-than-recommended serum levels of 25 (OH) D. All cardiovascular risk factors were within recommended ranges. Gymnasts had higher LDL cholesterol (2.7 vs. 2.2 mmol/L, p < 0.011 ), and swimmers had higher systolic BP (126 vs. 107 mmHg, p < 0.001 ). Conclusions. Dietary intake especially in gymnasts was suboptimal, which may reflect in anthropometric and cardiovascular marker differences between gymnasts and swimmers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes

Jakše

Mis

et al. 2021

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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“…Adaptation in sports is always triggered by training and training components, such as the type of intensity or training load, which is aimed at changing the morphological characteristics of the body to reach a typical body structure [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. This phenomenon is only occurring to those body tissues that are subjected to biological adaptation, as are fat and muscle tissue or even a bone tissue component [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The published evidence on morphological factors which contributes to the development of elite performance in swimming, has not been represented sufficiently in top scientific literature in the previous 35 years [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Competitive swimmers, especially Olympic elite swimmers, were found to be taller than sub-Olympic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing muscle size and improvement of muscle contractile quality, and decreasing fat mass, at a level of optimal balance, may have positive effect on swimming performance, and is likely to be important for maximizing competitive swimming performance. Moreover, seasonal swim performance changes tend to follow changes in muscle mass, so regular control of body composition during the season may be helpful and beneficial in order to improvement training and performance [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

Dopsaj

Zuozienė

Milić

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The paper addresses relations between the characteristics of body composition in international sprint swimmers and sprint performance. The research included 82 swimmers of international level (N = 46 male and N = 36 female athletes) from 8 countries. We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance methods with “InBody 720” device. In the case of male swimmers, it was established that the most important statistically significant correlation with sprint performance is seen in variables, which define the quantitative relationship between their fat and muscle with the contractile potential of the body (Protein-Fat Index, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Index of Body Composition, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.392, p = 0.016). In the case of female athletes, statistically significant relations with sprint performance were established for variables that define the absolute and relative amount of a contractile component in the body, but also with the variables that define the structure of body fat characteristics (Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.732, p = 0.000; Free Fat Mass, r = 0.702, p = 0.000; Fat Mass Index, r = −0.642, p = 0.000; Percent of Body Fat, r = −0.621, p = 0.000). Using Multiple Regression Analysis, we managed to predict swimming performance of sprint swimmers with the help of body composition variables, where the models defined explained 35.1 and 75.1% of the mutual variability of performance, for male and female swimmers, respectively. This data clearly demonstrate the importance of body composition control in sprint swimmers as a valuable method for monitoring the efficiency of body adaptation to training process in order to optimize competitive performance.

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“…Additionally, higher amounts of body fat in NCAA Division I football players has been shown to be indirectly related to power clean, vertical jump, and sprinting performance. Other studies have shown BC and performance associations in basketball players [3,4] , swimmers [5,6] , baseball players [7,8] , wrestlers [9,10] , volleyball players [11,12] , and golfers [13] . Despite this large body of evidence, the specific relationship between BC and fitness performance (FP) in college students is less understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness Performance Across Ranked Body Composition Groups Assessed by Different Methods

Benavidez

Hart

2017

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Background: Body composition (BC) is a valuable indicator of performance both across and within certain sporting events. However, the specific relationship between BC and fitness performance (FP) is less understood. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BC, assessed by different methods, and FP in a population of college students. Methods: This cross-sectional research used data from 131 college students attending a rural university. BC was assessed using five different methods: 1) body mass index (BMI), 2) percent body fat (PBF) by skinfold technique (SF), 3) PBF by circumference method (CM), 4) PBF by handheld bioelectric impedance (HH), and 5) waist circumference (WC). Fitness test outcome measures included 1) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) from the Queens College Step Test, 2) 1-repetition maximum bench press (BP) scores, 3) maximum repetition push-up (PU) scores, and 4) sit-and-reach (SR) flexibility scores. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine mean FP differences across BC tertiles. Results: In the overall analysis, VO2max was indirectly related to BC tertile in all BC measures. BP was directly related to BC tertile only in BMI and WC tests. PU was indirectly related to BC tertile only in SF, CM, HH, and WC tests. SR was not significantly different across BC tertile in any BC test. These results were not consistent across sex groups. Conclusion: Results from this study show clear differences in FP across ranked BC groups. Furthermore, these differences were not consistent across BC method and not consistent across sex groups.

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Seasonal Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Characteristics, and Performance of Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

Cited by 33 publications

References 25 publications

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes

Nutritional Status and Cardiovascular Health in Female Adolescent Elite-Level Artistic Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Study of 31 Athletes

Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

Fitness Performance Across Ranked Body Composition Groups Assessed by Different Methods

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