Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) for maintenance and growth

Jiang, Zhigang; Hudson, Robert J.

doi:10.4141/cjas94-015

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The animals in the study by Fennessy et al (1981) were stags and the animals in the study by Cool (1992) were calves, which are expected to have an higher MEm requirement. The calculated MEm for wapiti in spring (April/May) of 748 kJ kg -0.75 d was similar to the value of 728 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 published by Jiang and Hudson (1994), but lower than values published for wapiti in the summer of 936 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 , and 878 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 (Jiang and Hudson 1992;Wairimu et al 1992, respectively). An explanation for the difference in the MEm found in the present study and those of Jiang and Hudson (1992) is that their values include the energy cost of free ranging on a pasture.…”

Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…The voluntary intakes of ME for wapiti were 546 and 917 kJ kg -0.75 in February/March and April/May, respectively (Table 4). The March intake is very similar to an average voluntary MEI for winter of 550 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 (Fennessy et al 1981;Cool 1992;Jiang and Hudson 1992;Jiang and Hudson 1994). A seasonal effect on calculated MEI was also found in red deer (Cervus elaphus), with MEI of 500 kJ kg -0.75 in summer and 400 kJ kg -0.75 in winter (Suttie et al 1987).…”

Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Again, these estimates are 20 and 12-45% higher than the cattle estimate given above. The February/March MEm requirement for wapiti of 620 kJ kg -0.75 d is also somewhat higher than both the winter value determined by Jiang and Hudson (1994) of 493 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 and the value determined by both Fennessy et al (1981), and Cool (1992) of 570 kJ kg -0.75 d -1 . The animals in the study by Fennessy et al (1981) were stags and the animals in the study by Cool (1992) were calves, which are expected to have an higher MEm requirement.…”

Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Although the animals in their study were all female and were fed a similar alfalfa pellet diet, they were, on average, larger animals than those in our experiment. Jiang and Hudson (1994) White-tailed deer had the lowest intake (46 g kg -0.75 ) during the group DMI measurement. This could partially be because the pair of deer that were excluded from the digestibility measurements due to low intakes were included in these measurements.…”

Section: Ad Libitum Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

Galbraith¹,

Mathison²,

Hudson³

et al. 1998

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 1998. Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 681-691. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted in which the digestibility of alfalfa pellets and methane and heat productions were measured in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer in February/March 1995 and in April/May 1995. Voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) while animals were individually fed averaged 70, 87 and 68 g kg -0.75 d -1 , respectively (P = 0.05), and was generally higher in April/May than in February/March. Corresponding organic digestibilities were 52.9, 54.1 and 49.1% (P = 0.10). There was also a trend (P < 0.1) for fiber digestibilities to be lowest for deer. Methane production (L kg -1 DMI), was 30.1, 23.5, and 15.0 L kg -1 for bison, wapiti and deer, respectively (P = 0.01), with more (P < 0.01) methane being produced in February/March than in April/May (28 vs. 18 L kg -1 DMI). No differences in heat production (kJ kg -0.75 ) or estimated energy requirements for maintenance could be detected between species, although animals numerically produced 40% more heat (881 vs. 632 kJ kg -0.75 , P = 0.13) in April/May when feed intakes were higher than in February/March. It was concluded that DMI of native ungulates is higher in spring than winter and that methane emissions per unit feed consumed were the highest with bison and the least with white-tailed deer. Il était généralement plus abondant en avril-mai qu'en février-mars. Les taux correspondants de digestibilité de la matière organique étaient de 52,9, 54,1 et 49,1 % (P = 0,10). La digestibilité des fibres était en général plus basse (P < 0,10) chez le cerf de Virginie. La production de méthane (L kg -1 IMS) était, respectivement, de 30,1, 23,5 et 15,0 pour le bison, le wapiti et le cerf de Virginie (P = 0,01) et elle était plus importante (P < 0,01) dans la période février-mars que dans les deux mois suivants, soit 28 contre 18. On ne relevait aucune différence entre les espèces pour ce qui est de la thermogenèse (kJ kg -0,75 ) ou des besoins énergétiques d'entretien calculés, mais les bêtes produisaient 40 % plus de chaleur (881 contre 632 kJ kg -0,75 , P = 0,13) en avril-mai, la prise alimentaire étant plus abondante qu'en février-mars. Il appert donc que l'ingéré de matière sèche des ongulés sauvages est plus important au printemps qu'en hiver et que les émissions de méthane par unité fourragère consommée étaient au niveau le plus élevé chez le bison et au niveau le plus bas chez le cerf de Virginie.

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Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedsupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Energy Intakes Heat Production and Estimatedmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Ad Libitum Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

Galbraith¹,

Mathison²,

Hudson³

et al. 1998

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Studies on white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (66)], moose [Alces alces (56,57)], roe deer [Capreolus capreolus (69)], and wapiti [Cervus elaphus nelsoni (49)] reported that animals had reduced MRs during winter. However, other studies failed to find any differences between summer and winter basal metabolic rate (BMR) and concluded that seasonal variations in MR were merely consequences of different activity levels and failures to measure animals within their thermoneutral zone (TNZ) or in a postabsorptive state (34,39,42,46,50,72). Indeed, MR can increase substantially because of food ingestion, particularly under a protein-rich diet [so-called heat increment of food (9)].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Arnold

Ruf

Reimoser

et al. 2004

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

128

143

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. Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286: R174-R181, 2004. First published September 11, 2003 10.1152/ajpregu.00593.2002Herbivores of temperate and arctic zones are confronted during winter with harsh climatic conditions and nutritional shortness. It is still not fully understood how large ungulates cope with this twofold challenge. We found that red deer, similar to many other northern ungulates, show large seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate, as indicated by heart rate, with a 60% reduction at the winter nadir compared with the summer peak. A previously unknown mechanism of energy conservation, i.e., nocturnal hypometabolism associated with peripheral cooling, contributed significantly to lower energy expenditure during winter. Predominantly during late winter night and early morning hours, subcutaneous temperature could decrease substantially. Importantly, during these episodes of peripheral cooling, heart rate was not maintained at a constant level, as to be expected from classical models of thermoregulation in the thermoneutral zone, but continuously decreased with subcutaneous temperature, both during locomotor activity and at rest. This indicates that the circadian minimum of basal metabolic rate and of the set-point of body temperature regulation varied and dropped to particularly low levels during late winter. Our results suggest, together with accumulating evidence from other species, that reducing endogenous heat production is not restricted to hibernators and daily heterotherms but is a common and well-regulated physiological response of endothermic organisms to energetically challenging situations. Whether the temperature of all tissues is affected, or the body shell only, may simply be a result of the duration and degree of hypometabolism and its interaction with body size-dependent heat loss. hypometabolism; hypothermia; winter adaptation; body temperature regulation MANY UNGULATES ARE CAPABLE of withstanding long and cold winters with low food availability. Large body size, excellent fur insulation, and countercurrent heat exchange mechanisms contribute to minimize energy requirements under cold load. However, reduced heat loss alone can hardly explain the substantially lowered metabolic rate (MR) of northern ungulates and the apparently ubiquitous decrease of voluntary food intake during winter (4,13,18,28,35,37,42,44,59,63,72). The search for mechanism to explain reduced energy expenditure during winter has so far produced equivocal results. Studies on white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (66)], moose [Alces alces (56, 57)], roe deer [Capreolus capreolus (69)], and wapiti [Cervus elaphus nelsoni (49)] reported that animals had reduced MRs during winter. However, other studies failed to find any differences between summer and winter basal metabolic rate (BMR) and concluded that seasonal variations in MR were merely consequences of different activity levels and failures to measure animals within thei...

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Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk

Cook

Vales³

et al. 2013

Wildlife Monographs

119

245

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Demographic data show many populations of Rocky Mountain (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and Roosevelt (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) elk have been declining over the last few decades. Recent work suggests that forage quality and associated animal nutritional condition, particularly in late summer and early autumn, influence reproduction and survival in elk. Therefore, we estimated seasonal nutritional condition of 861 female elk in 2,114 capture events from 21 herds in Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, and South Dakota from 1998 to 2007. We estimated ingesta-free body fat and body mass, and determined age, pregnancy status, and lactation status. We obtained estimates for most herds in both late winter-early spring (late Feb-early Apr) and in autumn (Nov-early Dec) to identify changes in nutritional condition of individuals across seasons.Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn were consistently lower than their non-lactating counterparts, and herd averages of lactating elk ranged from 5.5% to 12.4%. These levels were 30-75% of those documented for captive lactating elk fed high-quality diets during summer and autumn. Body fat levels were generally lowest in the coastal and inland northwest regions and highest along the west-slope of the northern Cascades. Adult females in most herds lost an average of 30.7 kg (range: 5-62 kg), or about 13% (range: 2.6-25%) of their autumn mass during winter, indicating nutritional deficiencies. However, we found no significant relationships between spring body fat or change in body fat over winter with winter weather, region, or herd, despite markedly different winter weather among herds and regions. Instead, body fat levels in spring were primarily a function of fat levels the previous autumn. Thinner females in autumn lost less body fat and body mass over winter than did fatter females, a compensatory response, but still ended the season with less body fat than the fatter elk.Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn varied among herds but were unrelated to their body fat levels the previous spring. Within herds, thinner females exhibited a compensatory response during summer and accrued more fat than their fatter counterparts over summer, resulting in similar body fat levels among lactating elk in autumn despite considerable differences in their fat levels the previous spring. Level of body fat achieved by lactating females in autumn varied 2-fold among herds, undoubtedly because of differences in summer nutrition. Thus, summer nutrition set limits to rates of body fat accrual of lactating females that in turn limited body condition across the annual cycle.Pregnancy rates of 2-to 14-year-old females ranged from 68% to 100% in coastal populations of Washington, 69% to 98% in Cascade populations of Washington and Oregon, 84% to 94% in inland northwestern populations of Washington and Oregon, and 78% to 93% in Rocky Mountain populations. We found evidence of late breeding, even in herds with comparatively high pregnancy rates. Mean body mass of calves (n ¼ 242) in 3 popul...

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Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison, wapiti and white-tailed deer

Nocturnal hypometabolism as an overwintering strategy of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk

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