Seasonal fluctuations and damage of lepidopteran stemborers of maize in a major agroecozone of Uganda

Kalule, T; Ogenga-Latigo, M.W.; Okoth, V. A. O.

doi:10.4314/acsj.v5i4.27835

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Stemborers were regarded as one of the most important constraints, confirming earlier reports (Ingram, 1958;Nye, 1960;Kalule et al, 1997;Schulthess et al, unpublished data). Some farmers were able to recognize stemborers and their feeding habits.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Among the most important biotic constraints to maize production in Uganda is the damage by lepidopteran stemborers (Girling, 1978;Kalule et al, 1998). The most damaging stemborer species include Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Starks, 1969;Kalule et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Farmers' perceptions of importance, control practices and alternative hosts of maize stemborers in Uganda

Kalule¹,

Bigirwa²,

Alupo³

et al. 2006

JTI

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A survey was conducted in Tororo, Bugiri and Kapchorwa districts in eastern and northeastern Uganda on farmers' perceptions of constraints in maize production. Farmers in Tororo and Bugiri consistently ranked stemborers and striga as the major production constraints in maize growing, while those in Kapchorwa ranked stemborers and lack of capital as the most important. Approximately 35 and 40% of the farmers in Tororo and Bugiri, respectively, identified stemborers as the 'caterpillar' that destroys their maize. In Kapchorwa, 50% of the farmers identified stemborers. Pesticide application was the most common control measure while the use of indigenous and cultural control measures was limited. Less than 50% of the farmers were aware of the existence of alternative plants/grasses on which stemborers feed. This study identified the need for creating farmers' awareness on the biology and ecology of stemborers. Empowering farmers by letting them learn and experiment will facilitate the development of innovative control measures.Résumé. Une enquête a été conduite dans les districts de Tororo, Bugiri et Kapchorwa dans l'est et le nord est de l'Ouganda afin d'évaluer la perception qu'ont les fermiers des principales contraintes de production du maïs. Les fermiers des districts de Tororo et Bugiri considèrent les foreurs et le striga comme les contraintes majeures de production du maïs alors que ceux de Kapchorwa considèrent que les foreurs et le manque d'argent sont plus importants. Environ 35 et 40% des fermiers de Tororo et Bugiri respectivement ont établit le lien entre les foreurs et les chenilles qui attaquent leur maïs; à Kapchorwa ils sont près de 50%. La pulvérisation d'insecticide est la méthode de contrôle la plus communément utilisée alors que les méthodes culturales et traditionnelles sont peu appliquées. Moins de 50% des fermiers connaissent l'existence de plantes alternatives sur lesquelles se nourrissent les foreurs. Cette étude a permis de souligner le besoin d'informer les fermiers sur la biologie et l'écologie des foreurs. Donner la possibilité aux fermiers d'apprendre et de tester par euxmêmes devrait faciliter le développement de mesures de contrôles novatrices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Farmers' perceptions of importance, control practices and alternative hosts of maize stemborers in Uganda

Kalule¹,

Bigirwa²,

Alupo³

et al. 2006

JTI

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“…S. calamistis was commonly observed at the vegetative stages of maize and when moisture was abundant suggesting its sporadic status (Assefa 1991). In Cameroon, S. calamistis was reported attacking mostly pre-tasseling stages (Ndemah & Schulthess 2002) and maize ears in Uganda (Kalule et al 1997). In the humid zones of West Africa, it is the key noctuid pest of maize .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sorghum yields were negatively aff ected by tunneling, holes bored and peduncle damage across region. Stem tunnelling (Bosque-Perez & Mareck 1991; Van den Berg et al 1991;Kalule et al 1994;Setamou et al 1995;Kalule et al 1997;Songa et al 2001;Ndemah & Schulthess 2002;Chabi-Olaye et al 2005a) and bored internodes (Macfarlane 1990) were considered as good indicators of the degree of plant damage and, thus, yield loss. Yields were also negatively related to B. fusca larval density corroborating previous reports (Ndemah & Schulthess 2002;Chabi-Olaye et al 2005a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and relative importance of cereal stem borers and their natural enemies in the semi-arid and cool-wet ecozones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia

Wale¹,

Schulthess²,

Kairu³

et al. 2006

Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.)

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Abstract. The distribution and relative importance of lepidopteran and coleopteran stem borers and their natural enemies on maize and sorghum were studied in cereal growing zones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia from 2003 to 2004. Sorghum is the major crop in semi-arid eastern and maize in the cool-wet western zones of the Amhara state. Four administrative zones, 10 districts and 88 localities in the semi-arid ecozone (SAE) and four zones, 19 districts and 71 localities in the cool-wet ecozone (CWE) were chosen for the study. In SAE, the species composition was 91% Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), 8% Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and 1% Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In the CWE, maize and sorghum are grown in different ecozones and thus B. fusca was the dominant species on sorghum, whereas 61% B. fusca and 39% S. calamistis were recorded on maize. Borer density generally increased with crop growth stage. C. partellus parasitism by C. fl avipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which occurred only in SAE, varied among districts ranging from 5% to 39%. In the CWE, unidentifi ed nematodes parasitized medium-sized B. fusca larvae during the wet months. Population of native parasitoids was very low. The coleopteran borer, Rhynchaenus niger (Horn) (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae), attacked sorghum plants in both regions. Sorghum yields were negatively related to plant damage variables and positively to larval parasitism and plant growth variables. On maize, plant damage was too low to affect yields. Taylor's power law indicated aggregated distribution for C. partellus and B. fusca larvae and pupae combined. Dans les zones froides et humides, le maïs et le sorgho ne sont pas cultivés ensemble, mais dans différentes zones écologiques. De ce fait, B. fusca était l'espèce de lépidoptère foreur dominante sur sorgho, alors qu'elle ne représentait que 61% sur maïs où S. calamistis était aussi présent pour 39%. La densité de lépidoptères foreurs a augmenté généralement avec le stade de développement des plantes. Le taux de parasitisme de C. partellus par Cotesia fl avipes Cameron (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), qui est présent seulement dans les zones semi-arides, variait selon les districts de 5% à 39%. Dans les zones froides et humides, une espèce de nématode non identifi ée attaquait les larves de B. fusca de taille moyenne pendant les mois les plus humides. La population des parasitoïdes autochtones de cette zone était très faible. Le coléoptère foreur, Rhynchaenus niger (Horn) (Coleoptera : Rhynchophoridae), infestait le sorgho dans les deux types de régions. Le rendement en sorgho était négativement corrélé aux paramètres liés aux dommages de la plante et positivement au parasitisme larvaire et aux variables liées à la croissance de la plante. Sur maïs, les dommages de la plante étaient trop faibles pour en affecter son rendement. La loi de Taylor a indiqué une distribution d'agrégation pour les larves et les chrysalides de C. partellus et B. fusca.

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“…Oviposition at late plant growth stages results in larval infestation of maize ears. These larvae feed on husk leaves and then penetrate the ears (Annecke & Moran, 1982; Kalule et al., 1997). Considering the feeding habits of stem borers and the expression of the Bt toxin in maize, it can be assumed that all major plant‐chewing herbivores ingest the toxin upon feeding on Bt maize given that plant parts fed upon contain the toxin (Dutton et al., 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Bt maize on Sesamia calamistis in South Africa

Berg¹,

Wyk

2006

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Bt maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) expressing Cry 1Ab insecticidal proteins was introduced for control of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South Africa after its development for control of crambid borers in North America. In the light of the reportedly lower toxicity of Bt maize to certain Noctuidae borers, the effect of Bt maize was evaluated on Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The characteristic larval behaviour of S. calamistis may result in reduced exposure to Bt toxin and subsequent high levels of survival. Larvae do not feed on plant whorls like other borer species but penetrate stems directly from behind leaf sheaths where eggs are laid. Greenhouse and laboratory bioassays were done with three Bt maize hybrids and their iso‐hybrids. ‘Whole plant methods’ were used and potted plants artificially infested with eggs or larvae and survival recorded over time. Larval survival was also determined on different plant parts (whorls, stems, tillers, and ears) over time. Bt maize was shown to be highly toxic to S. calamistis. No larvae survived longer than 12–18 days on Bt maize plants in any of the experiments. Adults did not differentiate between Bt and non‐Bt plants in oviposition choice experiments. Sesamia calamistis is polyphagous and occurs in mixed populations with other borer species with which it shares many parasitoid species in Africa. The ecological impact of local extinction of S. calamistis caused by this highly effective transgenic event is therefore not expected to be great.

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Seasonal fluctuations and damage of lepidopteran stemborers of maize in a major agroecozone of Uganda

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Farmers' perceptions of importance, control practices and alternative hosts of maize stemborers in Uganda

Farmers' perceptions of importance, control practices and alternative hosts of maize stemborers in Uganda

Distribution and relative importance of cereal stem borers and their natural enemies in the semi-arid and cool-wet ecozones of the Amhara State of Ethiopia

The effect of Bt maize on Sesamia calamistis in South Africa

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