Seasonal influence on the thyroid gland in healthy dogs of various breeds in different weights

Fialkovičová, Mária; Mardzinová, S.; Benková, Marta; Mojžišová, Jana; Gaálová, M.; Sesztáková, E.

doi:10.2754/avb201281020183

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“… 20 Thyroid hormone signaling has also been identified as an important transducer of photoperiod information into the neuroendocrine system via melatonin secretion in sheep and birds. 21 , 22 , 23 There are statistically significant, although clinically unimportant reductions in thyroxine concentrations in the summer, in comparison to the winter in healthy canine subjects, 24 and thyroxine concentrations in German Shepherd dogs in Iran are lower in the summer compared with the winter. 25 Therefore, the seasonality in cholesterol metabolism observed in our study might in part be driven by fluctuations in thyroid hormones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seasonal variation in serum metabolites of northern European dogs

Walker

Ottka

Lohi

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Metabolic profiling identifies seasonal variance of serum metabolites in humans. Despite the presence of seasonal disease patterns, no studies have assessed whether serum metabolites vary seasonally in dogs. Hypothesis There is seasonal variation in the serum metabolite profiles of healthy dogs. Animals Eighteen healthy, client‐owned dogs. Methods A prospective cohort study. Serum metabolomic profiles were assessed monthly in 18 healthy dogs over a 12‐month period. Metabolic profiling was conducted using a canine‐specific proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy platform, and the effects of seasonality were studied for 98 metabolites using a cosinor model. Seasonal component was calculated, which describes the seasonal variation of each metabolite. Results We found no evidence of seasonal variation in 93 of 98 metabolites. Six metabolites had statistically significant seasonal variance, including cholesterol (mean 249 mg/dL [6.47 mmol/L] with a seasonal component amplitude of 9 mg/dL [0.23 mmol/L]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6‐13 mg/dL [0.14‐0.33 mmol/L], P < .008), with a peak concentration of 264 mg/dL (6.83 mmol/L) in June and trough concentration of 236 mg/dL (6.12 mmol/L) in December. In contrast, there was a significantly lower concentration of lactate (mean 20 mg/dL [2.27 mmol/L] with a seasonal component amplitude of 4 mg/dL [0.42 mmol/L]; 95% CI 2‐6 mg/dL [0.22‐0.62 mmol/L], P < .001) during the summer months compared to the winter months, with a peak concentration of 26 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) in February and trough concentration of 14 mg/dL (1.57 mmol/L) in July. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We found no clear evidence that seasonal reference ranges need to be established for serum metabolites of dogs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seasonal variation in serum metabolites of northern European dogs

Walker

Ottka

Lohi

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Overall, this study showed significantly higher concentration levels of T4 in samples collected during summer compared to winter samples. Previous studies have observed fluctuations in thyroid hormone concentration levels throughout the year for other breeds [ 29 , 30 ]. No studies have however examined the concentrations of thyroid hormones in dogs living in similar environmental conditions to the GSD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

QimmeqHealth—thyroid status of Greenland sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris borealis)

et al. 2021

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Background Greenland sled dogs (GSD) are a unique, genetically isolated population of dogs living under exceptional environmental conditions. Metabolism, and thereby thyroid hormones are affected by multiple factors. Among other activity, energy balance and environmental conditions are important. A breed-specific reference interval (RI) can be useful for diagnostics of potential thyroid-related pathologies. The aim of this study was to establish RIs of the thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in GSD. In addition to evaluate the effect of sex, age, season, management, and body condition score (BCS) in GSD. Physical exams and cephalic venous blood sampling were performed in the period of 2018–2019 from 265 GSD managed either privately or by the Danish navy. Serum biochemical analyses, including C-reactive protein, were performed and RIs were determined for TSH, T4 and fT4 in only healthy dogs. The RIs were determined using American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and the effect of varying factors were evaluated by linear regression and further tested by Mann–Whitney test. Results 144 GSD were included in the reference group resulting in RIs: T4: 6.44–48.65 nmol/L; fT4: 3.91–18.51 pmol/L; and TSH: 0.04–0.55 ng/mL. Female GSD had significantly higher concentrations of T4 (P = 0.039) and fT4 (P = 0.015) compared to males; a positive correlation between TSH and aging was found; T4 concentrations were significantly higher (P = 0.003) during summer; and TSH concentrations were lower in GSD managed by the navy (P < 0.0001). BCS was higher (P < 0.0001) in Sirius GSD compared to civilian GSD, and BCS was positively correlated with T4 and negatively correlated with TSH. Conclusions Reference intervals for T4, fT4 and TSH in GSD were established. The RI for T4 and fT4 was lower compared to other breeds. In addition, sex, age, season, management and BCS demonstrated variable effects on thyroid hormones. Our results can be used as a foundation for improving management and further research of GSD.

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“…The total serum concentration of CHOL has been recognized as a potential biomarker for various processes related to lipoproteins metabolism [15]. Fialkovičová et al [53] reported that THs have catabolic effects on muscle and adipose tissue and regulate CHOL synthesis and degradation; they are essential for an appropriate degree of metabolic activity, including generation and release of energy. It is possible presume that the higher CHOL levels of the HPF than LPF groups, would be probably correlated to a greater intestinal absorption of medium and long chain fatty acids, which would be esterified in situ and introduced again as lipoproteins and chylomicrons into the blood, testifying to an improvement in the intestinal absorption of the nutrients of HPF group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid and Lipid Status in Guide Dogs During Training: Effects of Dietary Protein and Fat Content

Chiofalo

Fazio

Cucinotta

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryNutrition is one of the main causes of thyroid response and energetic metabolism. Presently, there is a lack of information on the physiological effect of moderate activities in canines, particularly in guide dogs. Aim was to compare the effect of diet on thyroid and lipid status in guide dogs, during a 12-weeks training, fed two commercial diets, one, HPF, characterized by low-carbohydrate/high-protein/high-fat (29:39:19% as fed) and the other, LPF, characterized by high-carbohydrate/low-protein/low-fat (50:24:12% as fed) content. Our hypothesis was that the intake of a diet rich in fat and protein would have given a better response than the carbohydrate-rich diet for thyroid and lipid homeostasis to cope with the increased energy demands of dogs subjected to the training period. Results evidenced that the consumption of a diet rich in fat and protein appears the nutritional plan most suitable to support moderate exercise for guide dogs during the training work; this diet supports maintenance of body weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), and serum baseline thyroid and lipid profiles, offering potential improvements in dogs’ performances. However, the chronic ingestion of diets that are extreme in their composition of either fat or carbohydrate should be always approached with caution.AbstractNutrition plays a leading role that most influences thyroid response and energetic metabolism. Aim was to compare the effect of diet on thyroid and lipid status in guide dogs during a 12-weeks training period. Eight Labrador Retrievers were divided into two groups homogeneous for sex, age, body weight, and Body Condition Score (BCS) and fed two commercial diets one, HPF, characterized by low-carbohydrate/high-protein/high-fat (29%:39%:19% as-fed) and the other, LPF, by high-carbohydrate/low-protein/low-fat (50%:24%:12% as-fed) content. The serum thriiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TAGs) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined at Day 0, 28, 56, and 84, before the daily training. Statistical model included the effects of Diet (HPF vs. LPF) and Time (Day 0 to Day 84), and their interaction. In the HPF group, Diet significantly (p < 0.01) increased T4, CHOL, and TAGs and decreased NEFA. In both groups, Time significantly (p < 0.05) increased T4 and TAGs, CHOL at Day 28, and NEFA at Day 56. The interaction did not influence serum hormones and lipid pattern. The adjustments in thyroid and lipid responses to moderate exercise in HPF group were driven mainly by the nutrient composition of the diet in relation to the involvement of metabolic homeostasis.

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Seasonal influence on the thyroid gland in healthy dogs of various breeds in different weights

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Seasonal variation in serum metabolites of northern European dogs

Seasonal variation in serum metabolites of northern European dogs

QimmeqHealth—thyroid status of Greenland sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris borealis)

Thyroid and Lipid Status in Guide Dogs During Training: Effects of Dietary Protein and Fat Content

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