Seasonal Movements of Elk in the Selway River Drainage, Idaho

Dalke, Paul D.; Beeman, Robert D.; Kindel, Frederic J.; Robel, Robert J.; Williams, Thomas R.

doi:10.2307/3798438

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In February, however, when more intensive snowfall occurred and snow from westerly exposures melted much faster than from opposite exposures deer were forced to limit their activity to the exposures with shallower snow. This is very similar to findings of many researchers (Dalke et al, 1965;Gilbert et al, 1970;Richens, 1967;Skolvin, 1982). Usually food accessibility influences this phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Effect of Snow Cover on the Distribution of Non-migratory Sika Deer on the Top of Mt. Tanzawa, Japan

Borkowski

Habuto²,

Furubayashi

1996

Journal of Forest Research

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On the basis of 268 direct sika deer observations and 212 radio locations of three individuals, the influence of snow on deer distribution was studied. During the period of snow absence or its shallow cover, the deer did not show any preferences towards slope aspect. However, when the snow coverage became deeper, the deer used westerly exposures (having shallower snow cover) more intensively. Later on, when the snow started to melt on the easterly slope aspects deer mostly used those exposures due to relatively abundant food resources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Effect of Snow Cover on the Distribution of Non-migratory Sika Deer on the Top of Mt. Tanzawa, Japan

Borkowski

Habuto²,

Furubayashi

1996

Journal of Forest Research

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“…By example, Carbyn (1975) reported that nursery bands of postpartum elk visiting licks increased the numbers of recorded daily visits by female elk, although few individuals ingested soil from the lick. This suggests that patterns of lick use based only on attendance numbers may be misleading, even though studies on the use of licks commonly present only attendance data that show peaks in the timing of use of licks (Dalke et al 1965;Heimer 1988;Risenhoover and Peterson 1986;Singer 1978;Tankersley 1984;Watts and Schemnitz 1985), but no information on ingestion of lick material. We monitored lick response variables by focal animals in addition to attendance data to further identify physiological drive for soil ingestion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Additional field seasons might be useful for confirmation of our results, but other multiyear studies have found that variations in the timing of peaks in use of licks among years were fairly consistent and did not change the proposed causal mechanisms that influenced the use of licks (Couturier and Barrette 1988;Dalke et al 1965;Fraser and Hristienko 1981;Risenhoover and Peterson 1986;Tankersley and Gasaway 1983;Watts and Schemnitz 1985). Therefore, we directed our study as an interspecific comparative approach using several sampling techniques with high within-subject sampling effort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relatively high use of licks by both sexes of elk at the end of May (in contrast to moose) may imply that elk are more susceptible to digestive ailments associated with the change in spring forage than are moose. Elk in Idaho used salt blocks extensively after they had been feeding on succulent forage for 2-3 weeks (Dalke et al 1965). Wet licks in the Tuchodi system contain high levels of carbonates, which could be important in neutralizing increased rumen acidity that is associated with the transition each spring from fibrous winter forage to lush spring growth (Ayotte et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Natural Licks by Four Species of Ungulates in Northern British Columbia

2008

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Use of licks influences the movements and distribution of ungulates. We recorded attendance patterns, duration of visits to licks, and time spent licking by 4 ungulate species at wet and dry licks to examine possible influences on the timing of use of licks in northern British Columbia, Canada. Within-species licking intensity (based on regressions between time spent licking per visit and duration of visits to licks) was higher for elk (Cervus elaphus) than for moose (Alces alces) at wet licks, and higher for mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) than for Stone's sheep (Ovis dalli stonei) at dry licks. Lick response variables (duration of visits to licks, time spent licking per visit, and proportion of time spent licking) did not vary significantly among early, mid-, and late summer seasons, but there were species-specific differences in the timing of highest attendance. High use of wet licks by both female and male elk in late May followed vegetation greening at low elevations. Average attendance by female elk was highest in late June, coinciding with high lactation demands. Attendance by moose at wet licks was highest in mid-July, potentially coinciding with other aspects of forage phenology such as increased plant defensive compounds. Attendance by Stone's sheep and mountain goats at dry licks was high in early July, following forage change at high elevations and again in early August, potentially related to the tradeoff between lactation demands and predation risk. Across species, consumption of lick soils allows ungulates to improve rumen function and nutrient absorption during the transition to spring and summer forage and to supplement elemental intake by females during the nutritional stress associated with lactation.

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“…Various reports exist showing that wild ungulates search for salt (Stockstad 1950;Dalke et al 1965;Geist 1971;Schaller 1977;Weeks 1978;Watts 1979;Robbins 1993;Hadjisterkotis 1997;Fraser and Reardon 1980;Holl et al 1980;Ayotte et al 2006). Many studies have reported high concentrations of sodium in lick material (Hebert and Cowan 1971;Weeks and Kirkpatrick 1976;Reisenhoover and Peterson 1986;Tracy and McNaughton 1995).…”

Section: Mineral Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Considerations on the potential use of cliffs and caves by the extinct endemic late pleistocene hippopotami and elephants of Cyprus

Hadjisterkotis¹,

Reese

2007

Eur J Wildl Res

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Most of the fossil mammal sites on Cyprus, as well as on other Mediterranean islands, consist of large quantities of bones found in caves. Of 32 sites with Phanourios minutus and 21 with Elephas cypriotes on Cyprus, 19 were located in caves, two in rock-shelters, and 11 at open-air sites. Fifteen of them were littoral, four coastal, and 13 inland. The purpose of this paper is to examine possible reasons why Phanourios and Elephas remains accumulated mainly in littoral and coastal caves. Based on an analysis of the behavior exhibited by living hippopotami and elephants, we assume that the extinct large mammals of Cyprus entered these caves in search of fresh water and to protect themselves from the heat in the cool and moist cave environment. A further reason may have been that these mammals entered the caves seeking mineral licks to rectify possible mineral deficiencies, to bind secondary plant compounds such as tannins, or to counteract acidosis. By entering caves, or even passing along narrow paths through cliffs, they were at risk of becoming trapped in natural traps, such as caves with their openings facing upwards, sinkholes, and mire traps. There is no evidence that Phanourios and Elephas remains were accumulated by natural predators because on the island there were no predators large enough to carry such large mammals. The only exception are the remains in the Akrotiri Aetokremnos rock shelter on the Akrotiri peninsula, where there is evidence that the 218,459 Phanourios and 330 Elephas remains were accumulated by the first human settlers of Cyprus, about 10,000 years BP.

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Seasonal Movements of Elk in the Selway River Drainage, Idaho

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of Snow Cover on the Distribution of Non-migratory Sika Deer on the Top of Mt. Tanzawa, Japan

Effect of Snow Cover on the Distribution of Non-migratory Sika Deer on the Top of Mt. Tanzawa, Japan

Use of Natural Licks by Four Species of Ungulates in Northern British Columbia

Considerations on the potential use of cliffs and caves by the extinct endemic late pleistocene hippopotami and elephants of Cyprus

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