Seasonal Population Trends of
Bemisia argentifolii
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Alfalfa in Southern California and Arizona

Yee, Wee L.; Toscano, Nick C.; Palumbo, John C.; Blua, Matthew J.; Yoshida, Harvey A.

doi:10.1093/ee/26.2.241

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Both of these factors could have diminished the efficacy of refuges of melons. Alfalfa typically does not produce many B. tabaci adults from June to September in Arizona and California, possibly because harvest at close intervals during that period prevents many eggs and nymphs from completing development (31). Nevertheless, because alfalfa is rarely treated with insecticides, it was proposed that large acreages of this crop could contribute to delaying B. tabaci resistance to insecticides in some regions (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance

Carrière

Ellers-Kirk

Hartfield

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The refuge strategy is used worldwide to delay the evolution of pest resistance to insecticides that are either sprayed or produced by transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops. This strategy is based on the idea that refuges of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide promote survival of susceptible pests. Despite widespread adoption of this approach, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. Here we tested the refuge strategy with 8 y of data on refuges and resistance to the insecticide pyriproxyfen in 84 populations of the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) from cotton fields in central Arizona. We found that spatial variation in resistance to pyriproxyfen within each year was not affected by refuges of melons or alfalfa near cotton fields. However, resistance was negatively associated with the area of cotton refuges and positively associated with the area of cotton treated with pyriproxyfen. A statistical model based on the first 4 y of data, incorporating the spatial distribution of cotton treated and not treated with pyriproxyfen, adequately predicted the spatial variation in resistance observed in the last 4 y of the study, confirming that cotton refuges delayed resistance and treated cotton fields accelerated resistance. By providing a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of refuges and the scale of their effects, the spatially explicit approach applied here could be useful for testing and improving the refuge strategy in other crop-pest systems.pesticide resistance | predictive evolutionary models | pest management | resistance management P opulation growth will continue to favor agricultural intensification for decades. Because agricultural intensification is associated with increased pest pressure, pesticides generally help to increase yield (1-3). Although significant progress has been made to reduce reliance on pesticides (4, 5), an increasing number of insects and mites exhibit field-evolved resistance to synthetic pesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sprays, and transgenic Bt crops (6, 7). Negative consequences of resistance include increased pesticide use, disruption of food webs and ecosystem services, increased risk to human health, and loss of profits for farmers and industry (1, 3).One of the main strategies for delaying resistance promotes survival of susceptible pests by providing refuges, which are areas of host plants where pests are not exposed to an insecticide. Theory predicts that refuges will slow the evolution of resistance by reducing the fitness advantage of resistant individuals (7-9). Refuges can also reduce the heritability of resistance when susceptible individuals mate with resistant individuals surviving exposure to an insecticide (7). Empirical support for the refuge strategy was provided by short-term laboratory and greenhouse experiments (10, 11). Although these experiments test the hypothesis that mating between susceptible and resistant individuals delays the evolution of resistance, they do not consider several fact...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance

Carrière

Ellers-Kirk

Hartfield

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…This whiteßy has recently been found to reproduce in alfalfa, Medicago sativae L., grown in the lower desert areas of Arizona and in the Imperial Valley, California (Yee et al 1997). Alfalfa production in these growing regions is economically signiÞcant, yielding 432,187 harvested hectares worth $126,500,000 in 1995 in southern California (Imperial County Agricultural commissionerÕs OfÞce 1995) and 421,400 ha worth $94,100,000 in 1996 in southern Arizona (Arizona Agricultural Statistics Service 1997).…”

Section: Whiteflies Bemisia Argentifoliimentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Each nozzle was calibrated to deliver 22.0 ml/s, providing an application volume of 386 liters/ha at 207 kPa and 8.3 km/h. Field surveys indicated that whiteßy populations did not generally become abundant on alfalfa until July (Yee et al 1997). Thus, spray applications in the managed plots were initiated each season immediately after the June harvest (27 June 1993, 2 July 1994, 30 June 1995.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Produced as a perennial crop with periodic harvests, alfalfa has been shown to serve as a bridge or transition host between crop harvests and the time when newly seeded crops such as cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L.; broccoli and caulißower, Brassica oleracea L.; lettuce, Lactuca sativa L.; and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., become available as hosts (Yee et al 1997). Although Bemisia whiteßies are considered a serious pest of Þeld and vegetable crops in the southwest, their status as an economic pest in alfalfa remains unclear.…”

Section: Whiteflies Bemisia Argentifoliimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of <I>Bemisia</I> Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Alfalfa Growth, Forage Yield, and Quality

Palumbo¹,

Toscano²,

Blua³

et al. 2000

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A 3-yr project was initiated in 1993 to examine the effects of insecticides and sustained whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring [aka. B tabaci Gennadius (Strain B)], feeding on alfalfa plant growth and vigor in greenhouse cage studies, and to determine the impact of natural Bemisia whitefly populations on alfalfa forage yields and quality in a large-plot field experiment. Alfalfa plant growth and vigor after exposure to imidacloprid and a mixture of fenpropathrin and acephate insecticides did not differ from untreated plants in the greenhouse. Consequently, foliar and soil applied insecticides were used to manipulate whitefly densities on alfalfa plants to measure whitefly feeding effects on plant growth and forage yield. Heavy whitefly densities on untreated alfalfa plants in the greenhouse resulted in significant reductions in relative growth rates and net assimilation rates as compared with imidacloprid-treated plants that were maintained relatively whitefly-free. Reductions in alfalfa plant growth measured between infested and treated plants were proportional to whitefly densities. Field plot results derived from three crop seasons were relatively consistent with our greenhouse trials. Both experimental approaches clearly showed that alfalfa plants exposed to high densities of whitefly immatures and adults grew at a significantly slower rate and produced less foliage. As a result of reduced growth rates, alfalfa maturity in the naturally infested plots was estimated to be approximately 7-10 d behind managed plots. Delays in maturity resulted in significant reductions in forage yields of 13-18% during August-September harvests when whitefly populations reached peak abundance. Whitefly feeding stresses also effected hay quality through the reduction of crude protein content and contamination of foliage with honeydew and sooty mold. The status of the Bemisia whiteflies as an economic pest to alfalfa is clearly evident from these studies, but the damage potential of whiteflies in the southwestern United States appears to be restricted to one or two harvest periods during the summer coinciding with peak adult populations and their dispersal from alternate host crops.

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“…Similar patterns were described for B. tabaci infesting cotton in central Arizona (Butler and Henneberry 1984), the Central Valley of California (Godfrey et al 1995), Israel (Gerling 1984), southern Florida (Stansly 1996) and southern India (Murugan and Uthamasamy 2001) even though the particular spring, summer, fall, and winter host plants can vary. Perennial hosts such as alfalfa and landscape ornamentals also play a role in several of these systems, even though their contribution is less well understood (Yee et al 1997;Naranjo et al 2004). There is a clear connection between quickly growing populations of B. tabaci on spring cantaloupe and the subsequent invasion of cotton in central Arizona (Kelly-Johnson et al 1995;Naranjo and Ellsworth 2005); this pattern is exacerbated by the low level of natural mortality of B. tabaci on cantaloupe during this portion of the season (Naranjo et al 2004, Fig.…”

Section: Seasonality and Metapopulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics, Demography, Dispersal and Spread of Bemisia tabaci

Naranjo

Castle

Barro

et al. 2009

Bemisia: Bionomics and Management of a Global Pest

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Seasonal Population Trends of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Alfalfa in Southern California and Arizona

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance

Large-scale, spatially-explicit test of the refuge strategy for delaying insecticide resistance

Impact of <I>Bemisia</I> Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Alfalfa Growth, Forage Yield, and Quality

Population Dynamics, Demography, Dispersal and Spread of Bemisia tabaci

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