Seasonal Preferences and Alternatives for Domestic Water Sources: A Prospective Cohort Study in Malawi

Abstract

Access to a sufficient quantity of safe water is widely recognized as fundamental to ensure health and prevent water- and excreta-related diseases. The objective of this study is to analyze seasonal variations in household preferences and alternatives in accessing domestic water, including for drinking, and to identify predictors for the use of multiple water sources. A prospective cohort study was conducted in Malawi, and data were collected using structured household questionnaires and water quality testing. Results showed that households fetching water were more likely to rely on multiple water sources during the rainy season, compared to the dry season. When access to a single water source is insufficient, and/or the main water source is broken or not functional, households use additional water sources that are more likely to be contaminated or distant as a coping strategy. Water source reliability (i.e., functionality and availability) and proximity to water sources (i.e., time to collect water, waiting time) were found to be the most important factors influencing households’ preferences. Ensuring reliable and continuous access, throughout the seasons, to at least a single water source that is located in proximity to the household is a key intervention to reduce the fetching burden.