“…Groundwater, as an active component of the global hydrological cycle, is extensively distributed within pore spaces and fractures of crustal lithospheres (Aeschbach‐Hertig & Gleeson, 2012; J. Han et al., 2017; H. Dai et al., 2019; De Graaf et al., 2019; Debnath et al., 2019; Gleeson et al., 2020; Ferreira et al., 2021). An accurate representation of groundwater distribution within subsurface environment is therefore crucial for addressing the problems that emerge at geoscience‐, energy‐, and environmental‐related contents, including land subsidence (Miller & Shirzaei, 2015; H. Dai, Ye, et al., 2017; Ha et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020), contaminant transports (Z. Dai et al., 2009; Ghanbarian et al., 2015; Cao et al., 2021; X. Zhang, Ma, Yin, et al., 2021), nuclear waste disposal (Viswanathan et al., 1998; Juhlin & Stephens, 2006; Wolfsberg et al., 2017; X. Zhang, Ma, Dai, et al., 2021), water inrush in tunnel and mine excavations (Dong et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2019), methane migration (Barth‐Naftilan et al., 2018; M. R. Soltanian et al., 2018; Pape et al., 2020; Ershadnia, Wallace, Hosseini, et al., 2021; Stanish et al., 2021; Wen et al., 2021), geological carbon storage (Castelletto et al., 2013; Z. Dai et al., 2014; Ershadnia, Wallace, Hajirezaie, et al., 2021; Fu et al., 2017; Njiekak et al., 2013), and groundwater and surface water interactions (Brunner et al., 2017; Jia et al., 2021; Wallace & Soltanian, 2021a, 2021b; Xin et al., 2022).…”