Seasonal variability in essential oil composition and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. accessions in the western Himalaya

Abstract

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is an imperative herb used in pharmaceutical yet knowledge on chemical and activity profile of essential oil (EO) to harvest seasons and accessions from the Himalayan region is limited. Thus, accessions were evaluated to determine the EO content, compositional, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential of rosemary in different harvest seasons during 2018‒2019. EO content was 30.5% higher in IHBT/RMAc-1 compared with IHBT/RMAc-2 accession while 27.9% and 41.6% higher in the autumn as compared with summer and rainy season, respectively. Major EO compound was 1,8-cineole; ranged from 32.50‒51.79% during harvest seasons and 38.70‒42.20% in accessions. EO was active against both the tested Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96). EOs showed inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi MTCC 733), while Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109 was found to be resistant. The rosemary EO of T1 (Rainy season IHBT/RMAc-1) was most effective against S. aureus MTCC 96 with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4% (v/v). In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation showed no potential anti-proliferative activity of EO. The rosemary EO profile in the western Himalayan region was influenced by harvesting seasons and genetic variability within the accessions; furthermore, a promising antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical and flavour industries.

Variation in Essential Oil Content and Chemical Composition of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) at Various Growth Stages in the Mediterranean Region

“…When camphor content was compared by the growth stages, higher amounts were found in the pre-flowering stage. Differences in the camphor content were also reported in rosemary by other researchers, such as 11.25%-20.41% (Gürbüz et al, 2017), 1.10%-18.80% (Flamini et al, 2021), 12.40% (Christopoulou et al, 2021, 17.30%-19.07% (Dzięcioł, 2021), 14.39%-17.17% (Micić et al, 2021), 10.01%-16.20% (Elyemni et al, 2022), 7.05%-31.50% (Rathore et al, 2022), 29.46%-31.92% (Yeddes et al, 2022), 18.26% (Karakaş and Bekler, 2022). Similar to what we detected in our study, Afshar et al (2021) reported that camphor content decreased from spring (8.19%) to summer (6.95%).…”

“…Similar to the camphor content, the highest values for the 1.8-cineole content were obtained in the pre-flowering stage (22.61%). When compared the 1.8-cineole content with the earlier studies, diverse results were found, such as 6.19%-10.52% (Gürbüz et al, 2017), 41.25%-45.96% (Yıldırım, 2018), 37.50% (Khanjani et al, 2021), 10.81% (Xylia et al, 2021), 17.79%-23.40% (Micić et al, 2021), 26.40%-49.10% (Flamini et al, 2021), 40.10% (Christopoulou et al, 2021, 30.89%-31.61% (Dzięcioł, 2021), 28.97%-32.18% (Elyemni et al, 2022), 32.50%-51.79% (Rathore et al, 2022), 30.26% (Mwithiga et al, 2022), 25.26%-29.15% (Yeddes et al, 2022), 11.86% (Karakaş and Bekler, 2022).…”

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Backhousia citriodora Essential Oil

“…Previous studies showed that the antibacterial activities of EOs from different plant species were mainly associated with their chemical compositions, especially oxygenated monoterpenes, which usually occur in high amounts [ 73 , 74 , 75 ]. In the present study, the results obtained for antibacterial activity correspond with the great antioxidant activity of BCEO.…”

Dynamics of Phosphorus and Biostimulants on Agro-Morphology, Yield, and Essential Oil Profile of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Under Acidic Soil Conditions of the Western Himalaya

“…N (carrier gas) was used at a 1.05 mL min −1 flow rate; the temperature of the oven was maintained at 70 • C for 3 min and subsequently risen to 220 • C for 5 min at a rate of 4 • C min −1 . The maintained temperature of the injector was 220 • C while that of the detector was 250 • C. The settings of temperature lineup, injection volume, and carrier gas utilized to execute GC and GC/MS were similar to the detailed procedure for Rosmarinus officinalis L. in Rathore et al (2022). To identify components from areas of GC peaks, a series of hydrocarbons was used for retention index (RI) determination without the use of any correction factor.…”