Seasonal variability of Dinophysis spp. and Protoceratium reticulatum associated to lipophilic shellfish toxins in a strongly stratified Chilean fjord

Alves‐de‐Souza, Catharina; Varela, Daniel; Contreras, Cristóbal; Iglesia, Pablo de la; Fernández, Pamela A.; Hipp, Byron; Hernández, Cristina; Riobó, Pilar; Reguera, B.; Franco, José M.; Diogène, Jorge; Garcı́a, Carlos; Lagos, Néstor

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.014

Cited by 50 publications

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“…In our study, OA was also confined to the northern waters of the Argentine Sea but it was only rarely found in plankton samples. In this sense, the toxin composition in bivalve shellfish, such as mussels, tends to be different than in phytoplankton (Pavela-Vrančič et al, 2001;Moroñ o et al, 2003;Blanco et al, 2007;Alves-de-Souza et al, 2014). The proportion of toxins retained inside the producer cells versus excreted or leaked into seawater will affect not only relative concentration in seawater but also retention in shellfish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

et al. 2016

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“…In Chile, both groups of toxins have been identified in recent years (García et al 2012;Zamorano et al 2013), and the production of STX-group toxins have been associated with the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Krock et al 2007;Varela et al 2012), and OA-group toxins with dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata (Seguel & Sfeir 2010;Alves de Souza et al 2014). The identification of these toxins has been associated with southern regions of Chile, which are areas of great abundance of marine species resources with high commercial value that are mostly exported to different parts of the world, mainly Europe and Asia .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

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Contreras

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are the main source of marine toxins in the aquatic environment surrounding the austral fjords in Chile. Huichas Island (Aysén) has an history of HABs spanning more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of the bioaccumulation of marine toxins in the bivalves and gastropods from the Region of Aysén. In this study, bivalves (Mytilus chilenses, Choromytilus chorus, Aulacomya ater, Gari solida, Tagelus dombeii and Venus antiqua) and carnivorous gastropods (Argobuccinum ranelliformes and Concholepas concholepas) were collected from 28 sites. Researchers analysed the accumulation of STX-group toxins using a LC with a derivatisation post column (LC-PCOX), while lipophilic toxins (OA-group, azapiracids, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins) were analysed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation (+/-) in visceral (hepatopancreas) and non-visceral tissues (mantle, adductor muscle, gills and foot). Levels of STX-group and OA-group toxins varied among individuals from the same site. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations of STX-group toxins were noted in the hepatopancreas in V. antiqua (95 ± 0.1 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)), T. dombeii (148 ± 1.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and G. solida (3232 ± 5.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05); in the adductor muscle in M. chilensis (2495 ± 6.4 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1); p < 0.05) and in the foot in C. concholepas (81 ± 0.7 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)) and T. dombeii (114 ± 1.2 μg STX-eq 100 g(-1)). The highest variability of toxins was detected in G. solida, where high levels of carbamate derivatives were identified (GTXs, neoSTX and STX). In addition to the detected hydrophilic toxins, OA-group toxins were detected (OA and DTX-1) with an average ratio of ≈1:1. The highest levels of OA-group toxins were in the foot of C. concholepas, with levels of 400.3 ± 3.6 μg OA eq kg(-1) (p < 0.05) and with a toxic profile composed of 90% OA. A wide range of OA-group toxins was detected in M. chilensis with a toxicity < 80 μg OA eq kg(-1), but with 74% of those toxins detected in the adductor muscle. In all evaluated species, there was no detection of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods. In addition, the STX-group and OA-group toxin concentrations in shellfish was not associated with the presence of HAB. The ranking of toxin concentration in the tissues of most species was: digestive glands > mantle > adductor muscle for the STX-group toxins and foot > digestive gland for the OA-group toxins. These results gave a better understanding of the variability and compartmentalisation of STX-group and OA-group toxins in different bivalve and gastropod species from the south of Chile, and the analyses determined that tissues could play an important role in the biotransformation of STX-group toxins and the retention of OA-group toxins.

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“…Interestingly, key target HAB species in the northern Patagonian waters, such as Dinophysis spp. and the ichthyotoxic Pseudochattonella sp., have been observed in subsurface 'thin layers' (Alves- de-Souza et al, 2014;Clément et al, 2016). This fact points to the crucial role of salinity, as well as, nutrient availability and fluctuations in pCO 2 /pH for HAB formation in these highly heterogeneous estuarine systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity-Growth Response and Ichthyotoxic Potency of the Chilean Pseudochattonella verruculosa

et al. 2019

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Despite salmon farmers suffering the worst damage from a harmful algal bloom in Chile's history (US$800M) due to a massive outbreak of the dictyochophyte Pseudochattonella verruculosa in 2016 (∼7000-20,000 cells ml −1), the effect of environmental drivers and the potency of lytic toxins produced by the local clones of this species remain still largely unexplored. Based on the drastic oceanographic anomalies observed in the Chilean fjords during the 2016-El Niño "Godzilla" event, the role of salinity (15 to 35 psu) on Pseudochattonella cell growth and cytotoxicity was studied by culturing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using a rainbow trout cell line RTgill-W1 assay to define: (1) vegetative growth rates, (2) cell taxonomy, (3) ichthyotoxicity of monoclonal cultures at 25 and 35 psu in salinity, (4) differences in toxicity of lysed cells and supernatant at different cell concentrations (from 10 to 100,000 cells ml −1), and (5) temporal stability of lytic compounds. This study formally confirms the presence of P. verruculosa in Chilean waters using the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. The Chilean P. verruculosa ARC498 strain showed maximum cell densities at 30 psu (max. 84,333 ± 4,833 cells ml −1) and maximum growth rates (µ max) at 20 psu (1.44 cells d −1). Cultures at 15 psu showed suppressed maximum cell density (max. 269 ± 71 cell ml −1) but high µ max were recorded at the beginning of the exponential growth (1.31 cells d −1). No significant differences were observed between lysed cells and supernatant treatments in the two salinity levels, suggesting that the most lytic portion is released into the cell-free media instead of remaining cell bound. Cytotoxicity was correlated to cell abundance, reducing gill cell viability down to 80 and 65% compared to controls at 10,000 and 100,000 cells ml −1 , respectively. Unexpectedly, lytic compounds from P. verruculosa ARC498 at 35 psu showed to be less toxic than cultures at 25, where a noticeable presence of peripheral mucocysts were observed by SEM. Lytic compounds from in vitro experiments are weakly toxic even at high cell concentrations, highly unstable and rapidly degraded in the light after 5 days of storage at 15 • C. Our results point to the important effect of salinity on growth and ichthyotoxic potency of Pseudochattonella species and highlight the need for a deeper insight into the role of mucocysts in fish gill damage, which would provide a greater understanding as to the harmful modes of action of this species.

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Seasonal variability of Dinophysis spp. and Protoceratium reticulatum associated to lipophilic shellfish toxins in a strongly stratified Chilean fjord

Cited by 50 publications

References 50 publications

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

Saxitoxins and okadaic acid group: accumulation and distribution in invertebrate marine vectors from Southern Chile

Salinity-Growth Response and Ichthyotoxic Potency of the Chilean Pseudochattonella verruculosa

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