Seasonal Variability of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in Bivalves and Waters, and Abundance ofDinophysisspp. in Jinhae Bay, Korea

Differential okadaic acid accumulation and detoxification by oysters and mussels during natural and simulated Dinophysis blooms

“…In all sampling sites of South Bay, Santa Catarina, cells belonging to the D. acuminata complex quickly attained high abundances (up to 4.7 × 10 4 cells/L), then dropped to non-detectable levels just a few weeks later when the salinity had increased from 30-31 to 34-35. This relationship contrasts with the findings of Kim et al [14], who reported an increase in D. acuminata cell density as salinity decreased from 25 to 20 in Jinhae Bay, Republic of Korea. It is apparently also in disagreement with the general pattern observed over 8 years of monitoring in Aveiro Lagoon, Portugal, where cell abundance of Dinophysis spp.…”

“…For instance, oysters do not always accumulate DSTs, and when they do, toxin levels are at least ten times lower than those of co-occurring mussels [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Accordingly, during previous D. acuminata complex blooms in southern Brazil, the mussel P. perna has consistently accumulated higher OA levels compared to those of oysters, Crassostrea gigas, which rarely attain the RL, even though they are mostly co-occurring and similarly cultivated (i.e.…”

First Detection and Seasonal Variation of Lipophilic Toxins Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and Yessotoxin in Korean Gastropods

“…In previous studies, we detected only low concentrations of lipophilic toxins in bivalves such as oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the southern coast of Korea, but we found significant seasonal variation with peaks of toxicity in spring and summer (13, 19). Thus, the coast of Korea (13,19), the lack of PTX2 detection in this study is an interesting result. PTX2 may be rapidly converted into one of its derivative acids in gastropods, as has been shown in bivalves (29,30).…”

“…Eluent A was water and B was acetonitrile-water (95:5), with both containing 2 mM ammonium formate and 50 mM formic acid. The analytical conditions have been described in detail previously, and the same adjustments were used in the present study (13,24). …”

“…Our previous studies found Dinophysis spp. in seawater and low levels of lipophilic toxins in bivalves off the southern coast of Korea (13,15,19). Carnivorous gastropods that prey on lipophilic toxin-containing bivalves may become vectors of these disease-causing toxins.…”