Seasonal Variation in the Activity and Dietary Budgets of Cat Ba Langurs (Trachypithecus poliocephalus)

Hendershott, Rebecca; Behie, Alison; Rawson, Benjamin M.

doi:10.1007/s10764-016-9923-z

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Finally, we discuss the behavioural adaptations of Assamese macaques to the limestone forest by testing the following predictions: 1 Assamese macaques in the limestone forest depend heavily on young bamboo leaves containing less energy than leaves of other plants [Zhou et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2015a]. We predicted that the macaques would spend less time on active behaviours (feeding and moving) than on inactive behaviours (resting and grooming), which would be similar to the behavioural patterns of folivorous primates but different from those of frugivorous primates [Hendershott et al, 2016;Yap et al, 2019]. 2 Assamese macaques in the limestone forest are highly folivorous while still preferring fruits [Huang et al, 2015a].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the factors which influence activity budget, diet has been considered a major factor. Generally, frugivorous primates spend less time resting and more time moving and/or feeding than folivorous primates [Richter et al, 2013;Hendershott et al, 2016;Bach et al, 2017;Ruppert et al, 2018;Yap et al, 2019]. Fruits are regarded as higher-quality food items because they are richer in sugar as well as more easily digested and rapidly converted into energy than leaves [Richard, 1985].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, macaque physiology is not adapted to heavy dependence on leaves [Chivers and Hladik, 1980]. Primates with extremely highly folivorous diets usually spend large amounts of time resting [Huang et al, 2003;Hendershott et al, 2016;Yap et al, 2019] likely due to, at least in part, the time required to digest toxic secondary compounds (such as cyanide and tannins) present in leaves [Richard, 1985;Overdorff et al, 1997;Ballhorn et al, 2009]. The activity budget of bamboo leaf eaters varies dramatically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abundance and distribution patterns of food resources play important roles in the activity budget of primates [Alami and Chait, 2012;Fan et al, 2012Fan et al, , 2013Hendershott et al, 2016;Ruppert et al, 2018]. Several primates respond to seasonal variations in the quality and quantity of food resources by regulating their activity budget [Bach et al, 2017;Fan et al, 2012Fan et al, , 2013Hanya, 2004;Hendershott et al, 2016]. Primates use two distinct behavioural strategies against fluctuations in the quality and quantity of food resources: energy-maximising strategy and energy-minimising strategy [Schoener, 1971].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Variation in Activity Budget of Assamese Macaques in Limestone Forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

Zhou

et al. 2020

IJFP

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The activity budget is important for understanding behavioural variability and adaptation in primates. Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) found in the limestone forest of Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve, Southwest China, primarily feed on young leaves of Bonia saxatilis (a shrubby, karst-endemic bamboo). To understand how a specific bamboo leaf-based diet and ecological factors affect activity budget, one group of Assamese macaques was studied using instantaneous scan sampling for 1 year. The macaques spent most of their time feeding (32.7 ± 5.4%), followed by resting (28.6 ± 6.3%), moving (28.6 ± 5.3%), grooming (8.0 ± 3.0%), playing (1.7 ± 1.6%) and other activities (0.4 ± 0.2%). Their activity budget was similar to that of typical frugivorous primates and bamboo-dominated primates, which spent more time on active behaviours (feeding and moving, 61.3 ± 6.0%) than on inactive behaviours (resting and grooming, 36.6 ± 6.4%). The macaques spent significantly more time resting during the fruit-lean season and more time moving during the fruit-rich season. Their activity budget was significantly affected by diet. Resting time increased with decreased fruit consumption, whereas moving time decreased with the increasing mature leaf consumption. Playing time decreased when the macaques consumed more young bamboo leaves. The activity budget was also influenced by food availability and climatic factors. Resting time increased with decreasing temperature, whereas moving time increased with increasing day length and young leaf availability. Grooming time increased with decreasing day length and increasing temperature, and playing time increased with increasing day length. Our findings provide evidence of the importance of diet, food

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Variation in Activity Budget of Assamese Macaques in Limestone Forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

Zhou

et al. 2020

IJFP

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“…For instance, when facing resource scarcity, animals may spend more time feeding (e.g., capuchins, Cebus olivaceus [Robinson, 1986]; Cat Ba langurs, Trachypithecus poliocephalus [Hendershott et al, 2016]; chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus [Doran, 1997]; lion-tailed macaques, Macaca silenus [Menon and Poirier, 1996]; tarsiers, Tarsius spectrum [Gursky, 2000]; Western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla [Masi et al, 2009]), or more time resting (e.g., moose, Alces alces [Saether and Andersen, 1990]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Leaf Consumption on Time Allocation in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra)

Rangel‐Negrín¹,

Coyohua-Fuentes²,

Canales‐Espinosa³

et al. 2018

IJFP

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The analysis of factors that determine variation in time budgets is important to understand the interactions between environment, behaviour and fitness. We tested the hypothesis that changes in the dietary patterns of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) caused by a decrease in the availability of preferred foods are a main determinant of variation in time budgets. We predicted that individuals would trade off travel time for resting time (i.e., minimize energy expenditure) as the diet included more leaves. We conducted our study in the Mexican state of Campeche between 2005 and 2008, where we studied the behaviour of 28 adult males and 32 adult females belonging to 14 different groups for a total of 3,747.2 focal sampling hours. Study groups lived in forest fragments with variation in habitat quality. Individuals showed different rest:travel trade-offs in response to leaf consumption according to the quality of the forest fragments they lived in. Individuals that lived in high-quality fragments increased resting time under more folivorous regimes, whereas those living in low-quality fragments increased travel time. Our results suggest that howler monkeys living in low-quality fragments spend more time foraging to compensate for the low quality of the available resources.

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Effects of food availability and climate on the activity budget of Shortridge's langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei) in the Drung Valley, Gaoligong Mountains, China

Zhang

Li²,

Yang

et al. 2023

American J Primatol

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Food availability and climate represent environmental factors that affect species' social behavior, ranging patterns, diet, and activity budget. From August 2012 to September 2013, we examined the effects of seasonal changes in food availability, temperature, and rainfall on the diet and behavioral ecology of Shortridge's langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei) an Endangered primate species inhabiting moist evergreen broadleaf forests in the Eastern Himalayas. Our field site represents the northernmost latitudinal distribution of this species. Data were collected using scan sampling at 10 min intervals, and analyzed based on generalized linear models. The results indicate that the langurs experienced two feeding peaks (9:00 and 17:00) and two traveling peaks (10:00 and 19:00) during each day. Periods of rest, mainly occurred between 10:00 and 13:00, and overnight. Feeding accounted for 38.5% of the daily activity budget, followed by resting (35%), traveling (24.5%), and socializing (2%). During periods when young leaves were most available, the langurs increased feeding time on young leaves (35% vs. 4%). During periods of maximum fruit availability, the langurs decreased total time spent feeding (36.6% vs. 40.4%), devoted more time to traveling (28.1% vs. 21%), and increased time spent consuming fruit (49.1% vs. 11.8%). During the winter, the langurs increased their consumption of mature leaves (44.5%) and reduced time spent traveling (20.2% vs.

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Seasonal Variation in the Activity and Dietary Budgets of Cat Ba Langurs (Trachypithecus poliocephalus)

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Seasonal Variation in Activity Budget of Assamese Macaques in Limestone Forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

Seasonal Variation in Activity Budget of Assamese Macaques in Limestone Forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

The Influence of Leaf Consumption on Time Allocation in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra)

Effects of food availability and climate on the activity budget of Shortridge's langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei) in the Drung Valley, Gaoligong Mountains, China

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