Seasonal Variation in the Volatiles ofCopaifera duckeiDwyer Growing Wild in the State of Pará—Brazil

Chemical Variability of Copaifera reticulataDucke Oleoresin

“…The groups obtained in the classification analysis exhibit this high degree of variability, with some particular sesquiterpenes characterizing the different types of oleoresins. This high intraspecific variability in the sesquiterpene composition of the oleoresin of Copaifera is notorious when comparing different studies (generally limited to one single individual) for one determined species [13] [19]. On comparing the results of our study with those obtained [21], the variability of the sesquiterpene fraction in the population of C. reticulata studied is of the same order of magnitude than that found among the different species.…”

“…Thus, for instance, whereas in the present study the b-caryophyllene concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 62.6%, the different species analyzed presented concentrations ranging from 0.4% to 67.3% [2] [13 -17] [20] [21]. Indeed, the oleoresins of Group G2 in this study, due to their chemical composition, are likely closer to C. duckei oleoresin than to the oleoresins of the remaining trees of C. reticulata [13]. This intra-and interspecific variability highlights the need to consider sufficiently large sample sizes to correctly characterize the oleoresin of a determined species.…”

Influence of abiotic factors on the chemical composition of copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga Hayne): soil composition, seasonality and diameter at breast height

“…28 Some authors attribute the variability of these components to the mixture of oils of different botanical species, or specimens of different ages and growing in different places, misidentification of species, or in the case of commercial oils, problems of counterfeiting/adulteration by mixing the other types of oils of lesser value. 4,6 The variation in chemical composition and production of these oils with regard to diurnal variations, 28 seasonality, [24][25][26][28][29][30][31][32][33] related to diameter at breast height (DBH), 24,29,[34][35][36] and soil type 24,29,34,[36][37][38][39] have been extensively reported. Although this variation seems to be more sensitive to biotic factors such as injuries caused by insects and fungi, 40,41 than to light and nutrients, 42 it has also been reported as a possible factor influencing this variation in chemical composition.…”

“…54 It has also been reported as a major constituent of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from oilresin of C. martii. 77 b-bisabolene has been reported as the major constituent in samples of oilresins obtained from C. duckei 26,33,54,78 and C. reticulata, 38,55 but not in C. multijuga. It was not detected in any of the samples from C. multijuga analyzed in this work.…”

“…reticulata, 11,38,[54][55][56] C. duckei, 33 C. pubiflora 57 and also in essential oils of leaves of C. trapezifolia. 58 b-caryophyllene is present in many other plants.…”