Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D in Association with Age, Inflammatory Cytokines, Anthropometric Parameters, and Lifestyle Factors in Older Adults

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is present even in sunny regions. Ageing decreases pre-vitamin D production in the skin and is associated with altered cytokine profile. We performed a multivariate analysis considering lifestyle factors, anthropometric, and inflammatory markers according to seasonal variation in Mexican healthy older adults. The same cohort was followed during 12 months. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was found in 91.3% of the subjects despite living in appropriate latitude (25°40′0″N). 25(OH)D levels remained below <30 ng/mL through all seasons. Vitamin D deficiency did not correlate to sun exposure or dietary intake. Gender was the strongest associated factor, explaining a variance of 20%. Waist circumference (WC) greater than 88 cm was a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. Age (>74 years) combined with WC (>88 cm) and BMI (>32.7) showed a high probability (90%) of vitamin D deficiency. Remarkably, an increase in one centimeter in WC decreased 25(OH)D by 0.176 ng/mL, while an increase in one point BMI decreased 25(OH)D by 0.534 ng/mL. A cutoff point of 74 years of age determined probability of vitamin D hipovitaminosis. Vitamin D deficiency was correlated with TNF-α serum levels, possibly increasing the susceptibility of older adults to a proinflammatory state and its related diseases.

Level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Pediatric Arthritis Patients

“…Positive correlations have also been found between vitamin D and TNF-alpha levels (r = 0.347; p = 0.009), which is contrary to current literature, where a negative correlation is described (Peterson et al, 2008;Bellia et al, 2013;de Souza et al, 2016;Elizondo-Montemayor et al, 2017). Rodriguez et al (2018) in a meta-analysis showed that patients given vitamin D had lower levels of TNF-alpha compared to control groups (n = 0.380; p = 0.04).…”

“…A negative correlation between vitamin D level and body mass index (BMI) has been described in literature (O'Dell et al, 2002;Rovner et O'Brien, 2008;Anonymous, 2014;Bani-issa et al, 2017;Elizondo-Montemayor et al, 2017;Hajjaj-Hassoun et al, 2017;Kumaratne et al, 2017). For example, Bani-issa et al (2017) found that in patients with BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or more, there was a risk of more than five times for vitamin D deficiency than for patients with BMI below 25 kg/m 2 .…”

“…Since individual authors have discovered that neither the oral administration of vitamin D to patients nor exposure to sunlight has a significant effect on 25-(OH) D levels (Elizondo-Montemayor et al, 2017), apparently there are still unknown factors determining level of vitamin D.…”

Parameters of the Immune System and Vitamin D Levels in Old Individuals

“…A follow-up of old individuals ( n = 23, 55–86 years) for 12 months showed that vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the winter with an increase in the number of individuals presenting deficiency. In the same season, there was a significant increase of circulating IL-6, IL-8, IL-β-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α ( 80 ). The low-grade chronic inflammation has been associated with aging-related diseases, and suboptimal levels of vitamin D have been related to chronic diseases/overall mortality ( 81 – 84 ), suggesting that adequate levels of vitamin D could benefit the aging population.…”

The Effect of Inhalant Organic Dust on Bone Health

“…Bone disease is also dependent upon several host factors. Gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) are associated with lower vitamin D levels and increase systemic TNF-α (63). Lower estrogen levels increase bone resorption and osteoporosis (64).…”