Seasonal variation of flight initiation distance in Eurasian red squirrels in urban versus rural habitat

Uchida, K.; Suzuki, Kei; Shimamoto, Tatsuki; Yanagawa, Hisashi; Koizumi, Itsuro

doi:10.1111/jzo.12306

Cited by 72 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Among many factors, predator-prey interactions, are one of the key mechanistic processes in community assembly (Lima 1998, Chase et al 2002, that are known to be affected by urbanization (e.g., Møller and Ib añez-A lamo 2012, D ıaz et al 2013, Uchida et al 2016, E€ otv€ os et al 2018; consequently, they are candidates for explaining the differential effects of land-sharing and landsparing development approaches on biodiversity. For example, Shochat et al (2006) have suggested that predation could be one of the main factors modifying the urban assemblages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought exacerbates negative consequences of high‐intensity cattle grazing in a semiarid grassland

Souther

Loeser

Crews

et al. 2020

Ecological Applications

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Grasslands managed for grazing are the largest land‐use category globally, with a significant proportion of these grasslands occurring in semiarid and arid regions. In such dryland systems, the effect of grazing on native plant diversity has been equivocal, some studies suggesting that grazing reduces native plant diversity, others that grazing increases or has little impact on diversity. One impediment toward generalizing grazing effects on diversity in this region is that high levels of interannual variation in precipitation may obfuscate vegetative response patterns. By analyzing a long‐term data set collected over a 20‐yr period in a semiarid grassland, we explicitly evaluated the role of climate in regulating the effect of cattle grazing on plant communities, finding that climate interacted with grazing intensity to shape grassland communities. Community composition of plots that were intensively grazed varied considerably in response to climatic variation and native species richness was low relative to ungrazed and moderately grazed plots. Following a severe drought in 2002, exotic species richness rapidly increased in the high‐intensity grazing plots. While this pattern was mirrored in the other treatments, exotic species richness increased to a greater extent and was slower to return to pre‐drought levels in the high‐intensity grazing plots. Overall, moderate grazing, even compared to grazing cessation, stabilized grassland communities through time, increased resilience to drought, and maintained the highest levels of native plant diversity and lowest levels of exotic diversity. These findings suggest that grazing, at moderate levels, may support grassland resilience to climate change in semiarid regions. However, grazing that exceeds tolerances, particularly in combination with extreme climatic events, like drought, can alter plant composition over relatively long timescales and possibly increase invasibility by nonnative species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought exacerbates negative consequences of high‐intensity cattle grazing in a semiarid grassland

Souther

Loeser

Crews

et al. 2020

Ecological Applications

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“…, Uchida et al. , Eötvös et al. ); consequently, they are candidates for explaining the differential effects of land‐sharing and land‐sparing development approaches on biodiversity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing urban development modulate predator–prey interactions in Europe

Jokimäki

Suhonen

Benedetti

et al. 2020

Ecological Applications

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Urban areas are expanding globally as a consequence of human population increases, with overall negative effects on biodiversity. To prevent the further loss of biodiversity, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms behind this loss to develop evidence‐based sustainable solutions to preserve biodiversity in urban landscapes. The two extreme urban development types along a continuum, land‐sparing (large, continuous green areas and high‐density housing) and land‐sharing (small, fragmented green areas and low‐density housing) have been the recent focus of debates regarding the pattern of urban development. However, in this context, there is no information on the mechanisms behind the observed biodiversity changes. One of the main mechanisms proposed to explain urban biodiversity loss is the alteration of predator–prey interactions. Using ground‐nesting birds as a model system and data from nine European cities, we experimentally tested the effects of these two extreme urban development types on artificial ground nest survival and whether nest survival correlates with the local abundance of ground‐nesting birds and their nest predators. Nest survival (n = 554) was lower in land‐sharing than in land‐sparing urban areas. Nest survival decreased with increasing numbers of local predators (cats and corvids) and with nest visibility. Correspondingly, relative abundance of ground‐nesting birds was greater in land‐sparing than in land‐sharing urban areas, though overall bird species richness was unaffected by the pattern of urban development. We provide the first evidence that predator–prey interactions differ between the two extreme urban development types. Changing interactions may explain the higher proportion of ground‐nesting birds in land‐sparing areas, and suggest a limitation of the land‐sharing model. Nest predator control and the provision of more green‐covered urban habitats may also improve conservation of sensitive birds in cities. Our findings provide information on how to further expand our cities without severe loss of urban‐sensitive species and give support for land‐sparing over land‐sharing urban development.

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“…Humans in cities seldom pose direct threat to free‐living animals like birds (Clucas & Marzluff, ); thus, greater risk‐taking (e.g., reduced avoidance) toward humans can be advantageous in urban habitats. Reduced flight responses have been observed in many urban animals (Samia, Nakagawa, Nomura, Rangel, & Blumstein, ), including birds (Carrete & Tella, ; Møller et al, ; Myers & Hyman, ; Vincze et al, ), mammals (McCleery, ; Uchida, Suzuki, Shimamoto, Yanagawa, & Koizumi, ), and reptiles (Lapiedra, Chejanovski, & Kolbe, ; McGowan, Patel, Stroh, & Blumstein, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Great tits take greater risk toward humans and sparrowhawks in urban habitats than in forests

et al. 2019

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Urban animals often take more risk toward humans than their non‐urban conspecifics do, but it is unclear how urbanization affects behavior toward non‐human predators. Responses to humans and non‐human predators may covary due to common mechanisms enforcing a phenotypic correlation. However, while increased tolerance toward humans may be advantageous for urban animals, reduced vigilance toward non‐human predators that can pose actual threat may be costly. Therefore, urban animals may benefit from showing specific responses to different threat levels, such as humans versus non‐human predators, or hostile versus non‐hostile humans. To test these alternatives, we compared responses (latencies to return to nest) of urban and forest‐breeding great tits (Parus major) to familiar hostile and unfamiliar humans as well as one of their common predators, the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). We found that urban birds were more risk‐taking toward both humans and sparrowhawk than forest birds. However, responses to sparrowhawk did not correlate with responses to humans either within or across habitats. This suggests that higher risk‐taking of urban compared to forest‐dwelling great tits toward sparrowhawk may be threat‐specific response to lower predation risk rather than a spillover effect of increased tolerance to humans. Furthermore, birds responded similarly to unfamiliar and familiar (potentially dangerous) humans in both habitats, suggesting that great tits may not adjust their risk‐taking to the threat represented by individual humans. These findings indicate that urban birds may flexibly adjust their risk‐taking to certain, but not all, types of threat.

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Seasonal variation of flight initiation distance in Eurasian red squirrels in urban versus rural habitat

Cited by 72 publications

References 50 publications

Drought exacerbates negative consequences of high‐intensity cattle grazing in a semiarid grassland

Drought exacerbates negative consequences of high‐intensity cattle grazing in a semiarid grassland

Land‐sharing vs. land‐sparing urban development modulate predator–prey interactions in Europe

Great tits take greater risk toward humans and sparrowhawks in urban habitats than in forests

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