Seasonal variation of short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffin distribution in Belgian indoor dust

Detection of Bromochloro Alkanes in Indoor Dust Using a Novel CP-Seeker Data Integration Tool

“…Among the samples in which BCAs were detected, relative responses for carbon chain lengths other than C 12 , C 10 , and C 18 homologues were proportionally much lower. A prominence of even carbon-chained BCAs was also apparent, which may relate to distinct alkane feedstocks utilized in the manufacture of BCA flame-retardant formulations, and has also been observed for PCAs in indoor dust previously . Bromine numbers of detected homologues in the indoor dust samples ranged Br 1–4 as well as Br 7 , while chlorine numbers ranging Cl 2–11 were observed.…”

“…Comparison between BCAs and PCAs in Indoor Dust. PCA concentrations in the dust samples from Australia, Colombia, Japan, and Thailand have been published previously 31 and levels in the Belgian samples were reported by McGrath et al 4 Although no BCAs were detected in the vast majority of these samples, PCAs were identified in all samples from these countries at overall ΣPCA-C 10−13 , ΣPCA-C 14−17 , and ΣPCA-C 18−20 concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 290 μg/g, 6.9 to 540 μg/g, and <1.0 to 230 μg/g, respectively (Table S8). For comparative purposes, PCAs of C 10−13 , C 14−17 , and C 18−20 were also quantified in each of the U.S.A. samples in which BCAs were detected.…”

“…A prominence of even carbon-chained BCAs was also apparent, which may relate to distinct alkane feedstocks utilized in the manufacture of BCA flame-retardant formulations, and has also been observed for PCAs in indoor dust previously. 4 Bromine numbers of detected homologues in the indoor dust samples ranged Br 1−4 as well as Br 7 , while chlorine numbers ranging Cl 2−11 were observed. Homologue groups containing Br 2 were detected in each of the seven U.S.A. samples, Br 1 BCAs were detected in five samples, Br 3 and Br 7 homologues were each observed in three samples, and only one Br 4 homologue group was detected in a single sample.…”

“…Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), mostly composed of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are a complex mixture of tens of thousands of individual compounds which have been used as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants in a wide variety of consumer goods and materials including polyvinyl chloride, rubber, adhesives, sealants and textiles. , Global production of PCAs has increased substantially during recent decades with recent total manufacture predicted to exceed one million tonnes per year as of 2020 . PCAs may be released from materials via volatilization, abrasion or direct transfer to other matrices and have been identified as one of the major plasticizer contaminants in indoor dust, resulting in human exposure via inadvertent dust ingestion. − Commercial CP products are typically categorized by the most prominent carbon chain length of PCA constituents as short- (C 10–13 ), medium- (C 14–17 ), and long- (C ≥18 ) chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively) . SCCP, MCCP, and LCCP groups have each exhibited bioaccumulative and toxic endocrine disrupting properties − and have been detected globally in human blood and breastmilk in numerous studies.…”