Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol in the urban area of Fuzhou, China

PM 2.5 samples were collected at traffic, rural and campus sites in Agra during Nov 2010 to Feb 2011 and characterized for carbonaceous aerosols. The average mass concentrations of PM 2.5 were 308.3 ± 51.8 μg/m 3 , 91.2 ± 17.3 μg/m 3 and 140.8 ± 22.3 μg/m 3 at the traffic, rural and campus sites, respectively. The 24-h mass concentrations of PM 2.5 were significantly higher than the limit of 60 μg/m 3 prescribed in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Indian NAAQS) and 25 μg/m 3 of those of the WHO (World Health Organization). The average concentrations of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were 86.1 ± 5.2 and 19.4 ± 2.4 at the traffic site, 30.3 ± 12.9 and 4.0 ± 1.5 at the rural site and 44.5 ± 18.5 μg/m 3 5.0 ± 1.4 μg/m 3 at the campus one. The contributions of TCA (Total Carbonaceous Aerosol) at the traffic, campus and rural sites were found to be 52, 54 and 58% of PM 2.5 mass, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between water soluble K + and OC at the rural (R 2 = 0.63) and campus (R 2 = 0.53) sites compared to the traffic one (R 2 = 0.35). This may be attributed to increased biomass burning emissions at the rural and campus sites. The concentrations of SOC (Secondary Organic Carbon) were estimated based on the minimum OC/EC ratio, and were found to be 15.3 ± 6.3, 8.2 ± 5.8 and 28.8 ± 15.8 μg/m 3 , accounting for 18, 24.7 and 60.7% of total OC at the traffic, rural and campus sites, respectively. The surface morphology of the particles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The results indicated branched chain-like aggregates of carbon bearing spheres at the traffic and rural sites, while at the campus site carbon-rich and minerogenic (mineral dust) particles were the dominant ones.

Section: Contribution Of Carbonaceous Species To Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM2.5 during Wintertime in Agra, India

Pachauri

Satsangi

Singla

et al. 2013

“…The correlation between NO 3 -and K + suggests that the source of these elements, which affect each other, was formed during peat combustion. According to Livbjerg (2001), biomass such as straw from vegetation rich in K + can be dispersed into the environment through combustion, while Quiterio et al (2004) and Xu et al (2012) stated that a high level of K + , especially during dry periods, was contributed to by biomass burning.…”

Section: Composition Of Pm 10 From Peat Combustion Anions and Cationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to See et al (2007), Tahir et al (2007), Murillo and Marin (2010), Cesari et al (2012) and Xu et al (2012), the enrichment factor is calculated through the equation described below (Eq. (3)):…”

Section: Enrichment Factor Of Heavy Metals During the Emission Of Peamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dust and Gas Emissions from Small-Scale Peat Combustion

Othman

Latif

2013

While peatland has long been exploited for agricultural activities, these make it vulnerable to fires, which emit pollutants into the atmosphere and adversely affect air quality. The aim of this study was thus to determine the main composition of air pollutants from peat soil combustion. The main parameters of the related gas pollutants, e.g., SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, O 3 and PM 10 , and their components, such as anions, cations, heavy metals and levoglucosan, have been determined. The gas concentration was determined using the colorimetric method after the air had been assimilated into absorbing solutions. The PM 10 concentration was established using a low volume air sampler equipped with weighted filter paper. The anion concentration of PM 10 was analyzed using ion chromatography, while the cation and heavy metal concentrations were ascertained using inductively couple plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Moreover, the concentration of levoglucosan was determined using the Anthrone-Sulfuric Colorimetric method. The results show that the dominant gas from the emission of burning peat soil was CO (13850-20610 μg/

“…This category of particulate matter has attracted the interest of researchers, scientists and regulators due to its possible effects on the human health and the environment especially visibility and climate change (Ho et al, 2006, Wang et al, 2015aWang et al, 2015b;Li et al, 2016). Due to its size, the PM 2.5 can easily penetrate the human respiratory systems a as well as across the circulatory system posing great risk in form of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular complications including lung cancer (Bell, 2012;Xu et al, 2012). Additionally, the PM 2.5 can affect visibility thus altering the climate of a region (Xu et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Atmospheric PM2.5 in a Densely Populated City with Multi-Emission Sources

Tseng

Lin

Mwangi

et al. 2016

Fine particulate matters (PM 2.5 ) have been identified as one of the major air pollutants in urban areas, which are responsible for the deterioration of the atmospheric air quality as well as adverse effects on public health. In this study, the mass concentration, water-soluble ionic component, trace metal component, carbon component and modeling the contribution source for PM 2.5 was characterized for Chiayi City, which has high population density and surrounded by agricultural area. The lowest PM 2.5 mass concentrations were registered in the summer (9-22 µg m -3 ), while for the spring, autumn, and winter were well above the healthy level suggested by World Health Organization (WHO). For all seasons, the dominants were the sulfate (SO 4 2-), nitrate (NO 3 -) and followed closely by ammonium (NH 4 + ). Those secondary aerosols were transformed from SO 2 and NO 2 into particulate NO 3 -and SO 4 2-during spring, autumn and winter. Lower carbon mass concentrations were observed for summer (2.03-2.49 µg m -3 ) corresponding to the highest carbon content in PM 2.5 mass concentrations in terms of percentages (average 18.1%). Using the Chemical Mass Balance receptor model, the secondary nitrate (NO 3 -), primary traffic source, secondary sulfate (SO 4 2-), re-suspending soil particle, and petrochemical industry were identified as the major sources of PM 2.5 in Chiayi City. Consequently, the PM 2.5 contributions were complicated in a small but various seasons and geological distributing area. The air quality control strategies were thus seasonal and periodical dependent.