Seasonal variations in the immunological and physiological parameters of the Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigascultured in Bahía de Macapule (Sinaloa, Mexico)

Abstract

Triploid Crassostrea gigas were cultured during 13 months in Nestier-type oyster trays. The impact of environmental parameters on the physiological and immunological parameters was evaluated. Temperature, salinity and seston were recorded monthly. Seventeen oysters were sampled monthly for immunological and condition index (CI) analyses. Samples were obtained as a haemolymph lysate supernatant (HLS). Protein content was determined using the Bradford method. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes was determined using the API ZYM kit and the lysoplate assay. Seston showed di¡erent patterns throughout the cycle. Condition index showed a positive correlation with the protein content of HLS. Protein showed a negative correlation with temperature. Eleven hydrolytic enzymes were detected in samples and higher enzymatic activity corresponded to leucine arylamidase and esterase. Leucine arylamidase and lysozyme activity showed a positive correlation with temperature. Oyster mortality was 28% in our modules and 70% in the oyster farm. Oysters showed low values of CI and haemolymph protein content in summer^autumn when mortalities were observed in the culture system. This ¢nding suggests that these stressed oysters may have insu⁄cient energy to invest in their immune system. It appears that oyster mortality in the culture system resulted from a combination of animal overcrowding, high temperature and low salinity.

Seasonal variations of immune parameters in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultured in pond

“…In this study, the notably high level of protein concentration of A. japonicus CFS were found from December to the March of next year, suggesting that the immune condition of A. japonicus might fluctuate dramatically during this period. Besides, the variation in protein concentration in A. japonicus had significant negative correlation with water temperature, which is identical to the reports in the oysters C. gigas (Luna-Gonz alez et al 2008) and Crassostrea virginica (Chu & Peyre 1989), but opposite to the discovery in the clam Venerupis philippinarum (Soudant et al 2004), suggesting water temperature has crucial but species-specific effects on the physiological and immune condition of marine invertebrates. In addition, the variation in protein concentration in A. japonicus was significantly and positively correlated with DO.…”

“…Furthermore, the seasonal occurrences of some sea cucumber diseases like skin ulceration syndrome, fungal diseases and acute peristome oedema disease (Wang et al 2005) indirectly proved the speculation described above. Besides, the variation in protein concentration in A. japonicus had significant negative correlation with water temperature, which is identical to the reports in the oysters C. gigas (Luna-Gonz alez et al 2008) and Crassostrea virginica (Chu & Peyre 1989), but opposite to the discovery in the clam Venerupis philippinarum (Soudant et al 2004), suggesting water temperature has crucial but species-specific effects on the physiological and immune condition of marine invertebrates. Protein concentration of haemolymph is an important index that reflects the physiological and immune condition of marine invertebrates (Soudant, Paillard, Choquet, Lambert, Reid, Marhic, Donaghy & Birkbeck 2004).…”

“…These results implied that water temperature is probably the critical environmental factor that induces the immunosuppression and the outbreak of disease in A. japonicus during winter and early spring. In addition, similar correlations among immune-related enzymes, protein concentration and water temperature were also reported in C. gigas (Luna- Gonz alez et al 2008), suggesting that the immune systems of A. japonicus and C. gigas had high similarity in the adaptation to seasonal change.…”

“…Immune-related enzymes, as the key components of innate immune system in marine invertebrates, were commonly used as the parameters for evaluation of organism immunocompetence (Wang, Yang, Gabr & Gao 2008;Lin, Xing, Jiang, Tang & Zhan 2011). Studies indicated that the immune parameters of marine invertebrates usually showed seasonal variations during a year cycle for the effects of environmental factors (Tokutake et al 1992;Luna-Gonz alez et al 2008;Lin et al 2012). A. japonicus is an economic species of marine invertebrates, and its production mainly depends on pond culture (Chang, Sui & Li 2006).…”

Aquaculture in Morocco: Growth Performance of Crassostrea Gigas in Two Lagoons on the Atlantic Shore

“…Variations in CI outcome from multiple interactions of many factors, including food, temperature, and salinity, although the availability of food is considered as the main factor after the gametogenic cycle (Boscolo et al, 2003). Previous studies indicated that the CI of C. gigas did not have a direct relationship with reproduction and the 252 enhancements were combined with accumulation of energy reserves during autumn and winter when concentrations of POM were higher (Chávez-Villalba et al, 2007;Luna-González et al, 2008). This pattern was observed in populations reared at Sidi Moussa, since CI of oysters was significantly higher in winter (January-March 2015) with respect to oysters at Oualidia.…”