“…In Canada, Carpenter, Postolek, and Warman (2011) find that these policies had no effect on smoking prevalence but induced a large reduction in ETS exposure in public places without any private displacement. The introduction of smoking bans in public places had limited or no effects on smoking prevalence in Germany (Anger, Kvasnicka, & Siedler 2011) or in the UK (Jones, Laporte, Rice, & Zucchelli 2013), and there is contrasting evidence regarding the effects of this policy in Italy (Buonanno & Ranzani, (2013;Del Bono, Grünberger, & Vuri 2013). Given the well-known negative association between smoking and body weight (e.g., Cawley, Markowitz, & Tauras 2004), some studies also evaluate the effect of this policy on other health behaviors, showing some evidence of weight gains and increasing alcohol consumption after the introduction of the smoking ban in Italy (Pieroni, Chiavarini, Minelli, & Salmasi 2013) and in the United States (Liu, Zhang, Cheng, & Wang 2010).…”