Seasonality of interactions between a plant virus and its host during persistent infection in a natural environment

Abstract

Persistent infection, wherein a pathogen is continually present in a host individual, is widespread in virus-host systems. However, little is known regarding how seasonal environments alter virus-host interaction during such metastability. We observed a lineage-to-lineage infection of the host plant Arabidopsis halleri with Turnip mosaic virus for 3 years without severe damage. Virus dynamics and virus-host interactions within hosts were highly season dependent. Virus accumulation in the newly formed leaves was temperature dependent and was suppressed during winter. Transcriptome analyses suggested that distinct defence mechanisms, i.e. salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance and RNA silencing, were predominant during spring and autumn, respectively. Transcriptomic difference between infected and uninfected plants other than defence genes appeared transiently only during autumn in upper leaves. However, the virus preserved in the lower leaves is transferred to the clonal offspring of the host plants during spring. In the linage-to-linage infection of the A. halleri-TuMV system, both host clonal reproduction and virus transmission into new clonal rosettes are secured during the winter-spring transition. How virus and host overwinter turned out to be critical for understanding a long-term virus-host interaction within hosts under temperate climates, and more generally, understanding seasonality provides new insight into ecology of plant viruses.

Arabidopsis halleri: a perennial model system for studying population differentiation and local adaptation

“…An original dual RNA-Seq for the simultaneous analysis of host and pathogen transcriptomes (Westermann et al 2012), virus accumulation and host transcriptome can be examined simultaneously in the plant virus–host system (Kamitani et al 2016). Dual RNA-Seq employed for TuMV– A. halleri systems has revealed that the level of virus accumulation changes dynamically within the host and virus infection affects host transcriptomes by altering the expression of genes related to defence responses and flavonoid biosynthesis during long-term persistent infections (Honjo et al 2019). When the relationship between the host and endogenous organisms is persistent, we may expect co-evolution between host plants and endogenous organisms.…”

Brachypodium and plant viruses: entwined tools for discovery

“…aberrant ratios); and using virus chimeras with ‘swapped’ homologous or heterologous genes to identify virus‐encoded proteins involved in packaging, movement and suppressors of gene silencing. These earlier observations are being revisited and extended as we seek to identify the beneficial and detrimental interactions that could affect virus latency and seasonal accumulation, host plant fecundity, host resistance to viruses and vector transmission (Seabloom et al , ; Moreno‐Pérez et al , ; Marchetto & Power, ; González et al , ; Honjo et al , ). For studies that include small grains and grasses, Brachypodium will be a useful model organism.…”

“…These and other outcomes probably maintain virus infection(s) in the plant and may offer protection to the host from various abiotic (or biotic stresses) (Xu et al , ). We are particularly curious about the long‐term outcomes of such responses for viruses that remain in the landscape for years or decades (Nagabhyru et al , ; Seabloom et al , ; Marchetto & Power, ; Safari & Roossinck, ; Honjo et al , ). For example, the PMV complex has been fantastically successful in switchgrass and St. Augustinegrass (Fig.…”

Determining the Optimal Season for Detection of Prune Dwarf Virus and Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus in Sour Cherry Cultivars

“…Варто відзначити, що у 2020 році відбулося загальне зниження концентрації ВНКП в інфікованих рослинах, що може свідчити про задіяння механізмів захисту рослин від вірусів та перехід хвороби у хронічну форму (Verderevskaya and Marinesku, 1985;Honjo et al, 2019).…”

“…Impr. Nut., Health Life Qual., 2020, 94-100 температура повітря знаходиться в межах 15 -30 °С та в період активного росту рослини (Uyemoto et al, 1989;Scott et al, 1992;Honjo et al, 2019).…”