In total hip arthroplasty, excessive acetabular cup deformations and altered strain distribution in the adjacent bone are potential risk factors for implant loosening. Materials with reduced stiffness might alter the strain distribution less, whereas shell and liner deformations might increase. The purpose of our current computational study was to evaluate whether carbon fiber-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketones with a Young´s modulus of 15 GPa (CFR-PEEK-15) and 23 GPa (CFR-PEEK-23) might be an alternative shell material compared to titanium in terms of shell and liner deformation, as well as strain distribution in the adjacent bone. Using a finite element analysis, the press-fit implantation of modular acetabular cups with shells made of titanium, CFR-PEEK-15 and CFR-PEEK-23 in a human hemi-pelvis model was simulated. Liners made of ceramic and polyethylene were simulated. Radial shell and liner deformations as well as strain distributions were analyzed. The shells made of CFR-PEEK-15 were deformed most (266.7 µm), followed by CFR-PEEK-23 (136.5 µm) and titanium (54.0 µm). Subsequently, the ceramic liners were radially deformed by up to 4.4 µm and the polyethylene liners up to 184.7 µm. The shell materials slightly influenced the strain distribution in the adjacent bone with CFR-PEEK, resulting in less strain in critical regions (<400 µm/m or >3000 µm/m) and more strain in bone building or sustaining regions (400 to 3000 µm/m), while the liner material only had a minor impact. The superior biomechanical properties of the acetabular shells made of CFR-PEEK could not be determined in our present study.Materials 2020, 13, 1372 2 of 16 ceramic and UHMWPE liners combined with structurally identical metallic shells were compared [6]. Therefore, the shell material of modular acetabular cups might have a stronger influence on the strain distribution than the liner material and shells made of polymers might have a lower influence on strain distribution.Besides UHMWPE, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK), often applied with carbon fibers for reinforcement (CFR-PEEK), is a biocompatible polymer that has been introduced as a material for monolithic cups and liners, but not as a material for acetabular shells [7][8][9][10][11].However, PEEK and CFR-PEEK might be suitable alternatives to metal shells in modular acetabular cups as well, in order to avoid adverse effects on stress and strain distribution within the bone stock. However, it was shown that the reduced stiffness of shells made of PEEK and CFR-PEEK leads to increased shell deformations in the case of press-fit fixation in a finite element analysis (FEA) [12]. In particular, shells made of pure PEEK without reinforcement were deformed excessively, resulting in strong deformations of the liners, which might cause further problems in vivo. Excessive liner deformations can lead to a reduced clearance between the liner and femoral ball head and subsequently to increased frictional torques and increased wear rates [13][14][15][16]. Moreover, the seating of the liner might be j...