Seawater battery desalination with sodium-intercalation cathode for hypersaline water treatment

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analyses of Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Using Different Temperatures on NiHCF Electrodes for Battery Electrode Deionization

“…where a and b are constants. The activation energy for ion transport in the solid material, E a ′, was calculated using a similar approach based on the Arrhenius equation from the slope of a plot of ln(D) versus 1000/T according to 39,40 (10) where D (cm 2 /s) is the ion diffusion coefficient in the solid material calculated from EIS results using eqs 1 and 2. 26 Ion transport in the lower conductivity materials may include two processes, diffusion driven by the chemical gradients and migration due to the electric potential.…”

“…Electrochemical deionization technologies, such as capacitive deionization (CDI) and battery deionization (BDI), have been examined for deionization and nutrient recovery applications due to their good performance in selective removal of ions with low energy consumption and high thermodynamic energy efficiencies. − In CDI, ions are stored in the electrical double layer (EDL) on the surfaces of capacitive electrodes byan electric field . In BDI using battery-type electrodes, for example, Prussian blue analogues (PBA), cations are intercalated into the crystal structures of PBA by faradaic processes with optima at certain electrode potentials. ,− The performance of both CDI and BDI systems can be impacted by various operating conditions, such as charge–discharge modes, charge–discharge rates, feed solution flow rate, feed solution concentrations, and solution pH . However, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of cation intercalation/deintercalation for PBA electrodes used in BDI applications are relatively unexplored.…”

Insights into desalination battery concepts: current challenges and future perspectives

“…[134][135][136][137][138] However, since 2020, their desalination performance has been also explored in the so-called seawater desalination concept (SWB-D). [175][176][177][178][179][180] For further details, we refer the reader to the latest work of Arnold et al in which both the energy storage and desalination performance of seawater batteries are recently reviewed. 181…”