Second addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera

Schneider, Craig W.; Wynne, Michael J.

doi:10.1515/bot-2012-0235

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Molecular systematics has revolutionized our understanding of the evolution of algae (Muñoz-Gómez et al review of red algal genera" series (Schneider and Wynne 2007, 2013, 2019, Wynne and Schneider 2010, 2022 found a steady increase, and possibly rate, of new genera proposed since the mid-1950s (21 new genera in 2010, 27 in 2013, 40 in 2016, 58 in 2018, and 31 in 2022) (Kylin, 1956). While this could reflect a better understanding of the diversity of higher taxa in red algae, there is also a component of splitting based on a supported lineage, often nested in an unsupported grade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for <italic>Pyropia</italic> (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Zuccarello¹,

Wen²,

Kim³

2022

Algae

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The trend in naming genera based almost exclusively on molecular data, and not on morphological diagnostic characters, is increasing. In bifurcating phylogenetic trees generic cut-offs are arbitrary, but at the bare minimum nomenclatural changes should be supported by multiple phylogenetic methodologies using appropriate models for all the various gene partitions, strong support with all branch support methods, and should also result in adding to our knowledge of the interrelationships of taxa. We believe that a recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Pyropia (Yang et al. 2020) into several genera is unwarranted. We reanalysed the data presented in the recent article, using additional phylogenetic methods. Our results show that many of the newly established genera are not well supported by all methods, and the new circumscription of the genus Pyropia renders it unsupported. We also tested additional outgroups, which were previously suggested as sister to Pyropia, but this did not substantially change our conclusions. These generic nomenclatural changes of the previously strongly supported genus Pyropia, do not shed light on the evolution of this group and have serious consequences in these commercially important algae, that are also governed by a plethora of regulation and by-laws that now need to be amended. We suggest that the over-splitting of groups based only on poorly produced and modestly supported phylogenies should not be accepted and that the genus Pyropia sensu Sutherland et al. (2011) be restored.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for <italic>Pyropia</italic> (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Zuccarello¹,

Wen²,

Kim³

2022

Algae

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“…A recent phylogenetic monograph of the diverse red algal family Kallymeniaceae (Gigartinales) provided genetic evidence of a much larger number of genera (Saunders et al. ) than previous known (Schneider and Wynne , , Wynne and Schneider , ). The several new genera elucidated by Saunders et al.…”

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confidence: 99%

Collections from the mesophytic zone off Bermuda reveal three species of Kallymeniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in genera with transoceanic distributions

Schneider

Popolizio

Saunders

2019

Journal of Phycology

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A molecular survey of red algae collected by technical divers and submersibles from 90 m in the mesophotic zone off the coast of Bermuda revealed three species assignable to the Kallymeniaceae. Two of the species are representative of recently described genera centered in the western Pacific in Australia and New Zealand, Austrokallymenia and Psaromenia and the third from the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic, Nothokallymenia. A phylogenetic analysis of concatenated mitochondrial (COI‐5P) and chloroplast (rbcL) genes, as well as morphological characteristics, revealed that two are shown to be new species with distant closest relatives (N. erosa and Psaromenia septentrionalis), while the third represents a deep water western Atlantic species now moved to an Australasian genus (A. westii).

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“…This list of red algal parasite species was created by examining recent literature and classifications, reviewing red algal classification for parasitic genera and consulting AlgaeBase (Schneider & Wynne 2007;Schneider & Wynne 2013;Guiry & Guiry 2016). Over 200 papers in ten different languages were located, and the species were categorised, and tabulating criteria (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating diversity, evolution, development and physiology of red algal parasites from New Zealand

Preuss¹

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<p>Red algal parasites have evolved independently over a 100 times and grow only on other red algal hosts. Most parasites are closely related to their host based on the similarity of their reproductive structures. Secondary pit connections between red algal parasites and their hosts are used to transfer parasite organelles and nuclei into host cells. Morphological and physiological changes in infected host cells have been observed in some species. Parasite mitochondrial genomes are similar in size and gene content to free-living red algae whereas parasite plastids are highly reduced. Overall, red algal parasites are poorly studied and thus the aim of this study was to increase the general knowledge of parasitic taxa with respect to their diversity, evolutionary origin, development, physiology, and organelle evolution. Investigation of the primary literature showed that most species descriptions of red algal parasites were poor and did not meet the criteria for defining a parasitic relationship. This literature study also revealed a lack of knowledge of many key parasitic processes including early parasite development, host cell “control”, and parasite origin. Many of these poorly studied research areas were addressed in this thesis. Phylogenetic analyses, using a range of markers from all three genomes (cpDNA: rbcL, nDNA: actin, LSU rRNA; mtDNA: cox1), showed different patterns of phylogenetic relationships for the four new red algal parasites and their hosts. The parasites Phycodrys novae-zelandiophila sp. nov. and Vertebrata aterrimophila sp. nov. closest relative is its host species. Cladhymenia oblongifoliophila sp. nov. closest relative is its host species based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers whereas the plastid markers group the parasite with Cladhymenia lyallii, suggesting that the parasite plastid was acquired when previously parasitizing C. lyallii. Judithia parasitica sp. nov. grows on two Blastophyllis species but the parasites’ closest relative is the non-host species Judithia delicatissima. Developmental studies of the parasite Vertebrata aterrimophila, showed a unique developmental structure (“trunk-like” cell) not known in other parasites, plus localised infection vi and few changes in infected host cells. High-throughput-sequencing revealed mitochondrial genomes of similar size, gene content and order in the parasite Pterocladiophila hemisphaerica to its host Pterocladia lucida, and a reduced non-photosynthetic plastid in the parasite. Mitochondrial (mt) and plastid (cp) genome phylogenies placed Pterocladiophila hemisphaerica on long branches, either as sister to Ceramiales (mt) or Gracilariales (cp). Further analyses, filtering non-elevated plastid genes grouped the parasite neither with the Gracilariales (mt) or Gelidiales (cp) on shorter branches but without support. Nuclear phylogeny grouped P. hemisphaerica as sister to the Gelidiales and other red algal orders and was the only phylogenetic relationship with support. Investigations of photosystem II capacity using PAM fluorometry, and quantifying chlorophyll a content in three pigmented parasites, showed different host nutrient dependencies. Rhodophyllis parasitica and Vertebrata aterrimophila are not able to photosynthesize and are fully dependent on host nutrients. Pterocladiophila hemisphaerica is able to photosynthesize independently, even though it has a reduced non-photosynthetic plastid genome, and therefore is only partially dependent on its host. This study advances our current understanding of red algal parasites and highlights many possibilities for future research including genome evolution and understanding parasite diversity.</p>

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Second addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera

Cited by 15 publications

References 82 publications

Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for <italic>Pyropia</italic> (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for <italic>Pyropia</italic> (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Collections from the mesophytic zone off Bermuda reveal three species of Kallymeniaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in genera with transoceanic distributions

Investigating diversity, evolution, development and physiology of red algal parasites from New Zealand

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