Second‐hand smoking and carboxyhemoglobin levels in children: a prospective observational study

Yee, Branden E.; Ahmed, Mohammed Iqbal; Brugge, Doug; Farrell, Maureen; Lozada, Gustavo A.; Idupaganthi, Raghu; Schumann, Roman

doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03192.x

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Our findings suggest that adolescent smokers and young children may become more susceptible to allergic sensitisation and ensuing asthma development, due to (short) cigarette smoke inhalation. In our opinion, these results can be extrapolated to humans, since our murine cigarette smoke exposure protocol reaches carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels comparable to those in human smokers [28,29] and since COHb levels in young children (aged 1-2 years) exposed to parental smoke are similar to those measured in adult smokers [30].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Short cigarette smoke exposure facilitates sensitisation and asthma development in mice

et al. 2012

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Epidemiological studies indicate that cigarette smoke exposure is a risk factor for increased sensitisation and asthma development. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of cigarette smoke on sensitisation and allergic airway inflammation in response to a low dose of house dust mite (HDM), and to obtain potential mechanistic insights.Mice were exposed to low doses of HDM extract combined with air or cigarette smoke exposure, either during allergen sensitisation or during the development of allergic airway disease.Mice concomitantly exposed to low-dose HDM, combined with cigarette smoke for 3 weeks, demonstrated an asthmatic phenotype with significantly increased airway eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness and a rise in HDM-specific serum immunoglobulin G1, compared to sole HDM or cigarette smoke exposure. In addition, short cigarette smoke inhalation, during the initial contact with HDM allergens, was sufficient to facilitate sensitisation and development of a complete asthmatic phenotype after rechallenge with HDM. Mechanistically, short cigarette smoke exposure amplified dendritic cell-mediated transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled HDM allergens to the intrathoracic lymph nodes and generated a local T-helper cell type 2 response.Short cigarette smoke exposure is sufficient to facilitate allergic sensitisation and the development of low-dose HDM-induced allergic asthma, possibly by affecting dendritic cell function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Short cigarette smoke exposure facilitates sensitisation and asthma development in mice

et al. 2012

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“…Although COHgb levels were not reported, carbon monoxide levels in the chambers [150–402 parts per million (PPM)] were 40–400% higher than the level needed to induce COHgb saturation of 10.5% (Harris et al, 2010). These are especially high compared with the values in non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke (5.9 ng/ml of serum nicotine; Pacifici et al, 1995) and carbon monoxide levels of 5–20 PPM (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986), leading to COHgb levels of 4.43% (Yee et al, 2010). In addition to nicotine, tobacco smoke contains at least 4,000 additional substances, many of which are toxic or psychoactive, further complicating data interpretation.…”

Section: Animal Models Of Nicotine Abuse and Dependencementioning

confidence: 92%

Animal Models of Nicotine Exposure: Relevance to Second-Hand Smoking, Electronic Cigarette Use, and Compulsive Smoking

Cohen¹,

George²

2013

Front. Psychiatry

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Much evidence indicates that individuals use tobacco primarily to experience the psychopharmacological properties of nicotine and that a large proportion of smokers eventually become dependent on nicotine. In humans, nicotine acutely produces positive reinforcing effects, including mild euphoria, whereas a nicotine abstinence syndrome with both somatic and affective components is observed after chronic nicotine exposure. Animal models of nicotine self-administration and chronic exposure to nicotine have been critical in unveiling the neurobiological substrates that mediate the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome during abstinence. However, important aspects of the transition from nicotine abuse to nicotine dependence, such as the emergence of increased motivation and compulsive nicotine intake following repeated exposure to the drug, have only recently begun to be modeled in animals. Thus, the neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in these important aspects of nicotine addiction remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe the different animal models available to date and discuss recent advances in animal models of nicotine exposure and nicotine dependence. This review demonstrates that novel animal models of nicotine vapor exposure and escalation of nicotine intake provide a unique opportunity to investigate the neurobiological effects of second-hand nicotine exposure, electronic cigarette use, and the mechanisms that underlie the transition from nicotine use to compulsive nicotine intake.

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“…It is thought that CO value measured in expirium air and COHb value measured simultaneously in blood gases are indicators of CO production namely cigarette consumption (3,4). In the study performed by Deveci et al (5) in which end-expiratory CO values were compared between non-smokers, active smokers and passive smokers, the values were found to be 3.61±2.15 ppm, 17.13±8.5 ppm and 5.2±3.38 ppm, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition, it has been found that the rates of airway hyperreactivity and asthma are high in these children. All these can increase the risk of respiratory complications in the post-operative period especially in children who will undergo general anesthesia (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genel anestezi uygulanan çocuklarda pasif sigara içiciliğinin COHb, PaO2 ve PaCO2 değerlerine ve cerrahi sonrası solunumsal komplikasyonlara etkisi

...

2012

Tpa

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Aim: Exposure to passive smoking is associated with side effects on pulmonary function in children and also a risk factor for adverse outcomes following anesthesia and surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of passive smoking on COHb, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 ) and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO 2 ) levels and on postoperative adverse respiratory events in children undergoing general anesthesia. Material and Method: One hundred children (1-16 y) undergoing urologic or abdominal surgery with a history of passive smoking from one or both parents and 50 children with no history of exposure to smoking were analyzed for COHb, PaO 2 and PaCO 2 levels during the anesthesia and for postoperative respiratory events. Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire about their smoking habits before surgery. The arterial blood samples were obtained after intubation of the patients. The respiratory symptoms were evaluated during the stay in the recovery room. The study was approved by the ethics committee (2.06.2009-18442). Results: COHb levels were increased significantly in both one parent smoking group (Group E1) 1.306±0.452 % and two parents smoking group 1.396±0.491% (Group E2). Children with no smoking parents (Group H) had significantly lower COHb levels (1.134±0.491%) compared to the other two groups (p=0.011). The lowest PaCO 2 levels were detected in Group H (33.234±4.33 mmHg) which were significantly lower compared to the other two groups (p=0.007). The number of children with asthma was higher in Group E2 (18%) (p=0.006). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of PaO 2 levels and postoperative respiratory side effects. Bronchial hypersecretion, cough and desaturation were the most common side effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that children who are passive smokers should be undergone careful preoperative evaluation considering other coexisting risk factors to avoid postoperative complications. (Turk Arch Ped 2012; 47: 202-207)

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Second‐hand smoking and carboxyhemoglobin levels in children: a prospective observational study

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Short cigarette smoke exposure facilitates sensitisation and asthma development in mice

Short cigarette smoke exposure facilitates sensitisation and asthma development in mice

Animal Models of Nicotine Exposure: Relevance to Second-Hand Smoking, Electronic Cigarette Use, and Compulsive Smoking

Genel anestezi uygulanan çocuklarda pasif sigara içiciliğinin COHb, PaO2 ve PaCO2 değerlerine ve cerrahi sonrası solunumsal komplikasyonlara etkisi

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