“…A third major theme in the literature is that dictionaries are properly used in certain contexts, often under teacher guidance, and cannot be uniformly described as either good or bad for improving the writing of EFL students (Abbasi et al, 2019;Ahmed, 2019;Al-Khresheh & Al-Ruwaili, 2020;Alahmadi & Foltz, 2020;Alhatmi, 2019;Duggan, 2019;El-Sawy, 2019;Lin & Lin, 2019;Lin, 2019;Rao, 2019). There is also evidence that students are more positively oriented than teachers toward dictionary use, often because students lack confidence in themselves (Fogal, 2022;Issa et al, 2022;Kendall & Khuon, 2023;Saha, 2022;Staples et al, 2023;Stojanovska-Ilievska, 2023;Xu et al, 2023;Zhang & Zou, 2023), and teachers wish to see students work harder to absorb vocabulary and spelling (Ahmed, 2019;Brockman, 2020;Cao et al, 2019;Graham, 2019;Iswandari & Jiang, 2020;Rassaei, 2021;Selvaraj & Aziz, 2019;Strobl et al, 2019;Tsuroyya, 2020).…”