Second-Life Batteries: A Review on Power Grid Applications, Degradation Mechanisms, and Power Electronics Interface Architectures

Abstract

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to governmental policies focused on curbing climate change. EV batteries are retired when they are no longer suitable for energy-intensive EV operations. A large number of EV batteries are expected to be retired in the next 5–10 years. These retired batteries have 70–80% average capacity left. Second-life use of these battery packs has the potential to address the increasing energy storage system (ESS) demand for the grid and also to create a circular economy for EV batteries. The needs of modern grids for frequency regulation, power smoothing, and peak shaving can be met using retired batteries. Moreover, these batteries can also be employed for revenue generation for energy arbitrage (EA). While there are articles reviewing the general applications of retired batteries, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the research work on applications of the second-life batteries (SLBs) specific to the power grid and SLB degradation. The power electronics interface and battery management systems for the SLB are also thoroughly reviewed.

A Novel Differentiated Control Strategy for Energy Storage System That Minimizes Battery Aging Cost Based on Multiple Health Features

“…The inconsistency trend becomes more apparent in these new scenarios, due to the accelerated aging rate of "inferior batteries", thus adversely affecting the system's overall aging and safety [5]. As energy storage stations with inadequate integration during the early stages of the energy storage industry approach and surpass the halfway point of their service lives, coupled with the rising number of decommissioned batteries recycled for energy storage applications in recent years [6], the traditional equalized power distribution strategy is likely to pose progressively significant safety concerns.…”

A Novel Differentiated Control Strategy for an Energy Storage System That Minimizes Battery Aging Cost Based on Multiple Health Features

“…The inconsistency trend becomes more apparent in these new scenarios, due to the accelerated aging rate of "inferior batteries", thus adversely affecting the system's overall aging and safety [5]. As energy storage stations with inadequate integration during the early stages of the energy storage industry approach and surpass the halfway point of their service lives, coupled with the rising number of decommissioned batteries recycled for energy storage applications in recent years [6], the traditional equalized power distribution strategy is likely to pose progressively significant safety concerns [7].…”