Second-Life Batteries on a Gas Turbine Power Plant to Provide Area Regulation Services

Casals, Lluc Canals; García, Beatriz Amante

doi:10.3390/batteries3010010

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Therefore, a degradation model developed by Xu [72] was coupled to a second-order ECM for a more accurate estimation of the ageing parameters. Furthermore, an ECM with four resistance-capacitance pairs was employed by Casals et al [73] for modelling the battery energy-storage system (Figure 8). They also presented some empirical-based equations to reflect the cyclic-ageing and calendar-ageing effects in the model (the algorithm used is shown in Figure 9).…”

Section: Sox Estimation Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

Salek,

Resalati,

Babaie

et al. 2024

Batteries

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The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a second life in less power-intensive applications. Utilising these second-life batteries (SLBs) requires specific preparation, including grading the batteries based on their State of Health (SoH); repackaging, considering the end-use requirements; and the development of an accurate battery-management system (BMS) based on validated theoretical models. In this paper, we conduct a technical review of mathematical modelling and experimental analyses of SLBs to address existing challenges in BMS development. Our review reveals that most of the recent research focuses on environmental and economic aspects rather than technical challenges. The review suggests the use of equivalent-circuit models with 2RCs and 3RCs, which exhibit good accuracy for estimating the performance of lithium-ion batteries during their second life. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests provide valuable information about the SLBs’ degradation history and conditions. For addressing calendar-ageing mechanisms, electrochemical models are suggested over empirical models due to their effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, generating cycle-ageing test profiles based on real application scenarios using synthetic load data is recommended for reliable predictions. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promise in predicting SLB cycle-ageing fading parameters, offering significant time-saving benefits for lab testing. Our study emphasises the importance of focusing on technical challenges to facilitate the effective utilisation of SLBs in stationary applications, such as building energy-storage systems and EV charging stations.

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Section: Sox Estimation Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

Salek,

Resalati,

Babaie

et al. 2024

Batteries

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“…SLBs can thus play a good role in the upcoming integration of renewables into the grid. [93] Mismatch between the load demand and the generation results in variation of frequency. To ensure the stability of the power system, the active and reactive power must be controlled by area regulation.…”

Section: Applications For Slbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

John,

Kudva,

Jayalakshmi

2024

IEEE Access

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have created a revolution in sustainable transportation. The number of EV users has increased significantly within a short period globally. EVs running largely on the battery source require large-capacity battery packs to handle the range anxiety. The primary lifetime of such batteries in EV applications is said to end when their capacity drops to 80% of their initial capacity. This is termed as the end of-life of these batteries. These batteries can still be utilized for secondary applications based on their remaining capacity. Batteries undergo many degradations throughout their lifecycle which affects their capacity. This paper carries out a detailed study on the major degradation factors like solid electrolyte interphase and lithium plating which results in loss of lithium inventory. These affect the capacity of the battery in the long run. Remaining useful capacity must be accurately estimated to identify if the cells are useful for the next phase or must be recycled. Many estimation techniques are available with attention rising towards data derivational methods due to their accuracy and their sensitivity towards battery degradation which thereby makes it easy to track them. Incremental capacity analysis is one such method which is discussed in detail in this paper. The method starts from the initial stage of data extraction and extends to the training set of the models. This method is greatly beneficial as it can reveal the deviations in battery behavior with the help of the valley peak locations and alterations in the slope. The quantitative insights make it an advantageous technique in the field of battery health monitoring and diagnostics. These are discussed in detail and validated by experimental analysis and results. This paper also discusses the market prospects, developments, various ageing mechanisms in batteries, applications, comparison with other estimation techniques and challenges related to secondary life applications. The complete analysis of the estimation method along with the detailed steps also aims to serve as a foundation for the upcoming developments and research in this field.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicle, incremental capacity analysis, second life of EV battery, state of health estimation.

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“…Finally, the use of batteries in their second life needs to be evaluated appropriately. For example, batteries can be used for various ancillary services, peak shaving and backup power sources, or as a suitable complement to fast EV chargers to increase the possible power provided [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles: Concept, Aging, Testing, and Applications

et al. 2023

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The last decade has seen a significant increase in electromobility. With this trend, it will be necessary to start dealing with the subsequent recycling and disposal of electric vehicles, including the batteries. Currently, the battery is one of the most expensive components of an electric vehicle, which in part hinders their sufficient competitiveness with the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, the lifetime of a battery for use in an electric vehicle is assumed to be 8–10 years/160,000 km, after which the battery capacity drops to 80% of the initial capacity. However, it transpires that a battery at the end of its life in an electric vehicle does not need to be disposed of immediately, but can be used in other applications wherein the emphasis is not so strictly on an excellent power and capacity capability related to its volume or weight. Thus, reusing batteries can help reduce their cost for use in electric vehicles, increase their utility value, and reduce the environmental impact of batteries. This paper discusses methods for researching battery aging in electric vehicles, testing methods for batteries during the transition from first life to second life, and prospective battery second-life use and its specifics. The main contribution of this perspective article is to provide a comprehensive view of the current state of second-life batteries and an overview of the challenges that need to be overcome in order to use them on a large industrial scale.

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Second-Life Batteries on a Gas Turbine Power Plant to Provide Area Regulation Services

Cited by 22 publications

References 41 publications

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles

Secondary Life of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Degradation, State of Health Estimation Using Incremental Capacity Analysis, Applications and Challenges

Second-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles: Concept, Aging, Testing, and Applications

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