“…Here, the proposed BU‐SLnO was used to optimize the extracted features and the hidden neurons of CNN, and the spread value of PNN. The proposed BU‐SLnO‐AP‐CNN was compared with several optimization algorithms like PSO‐AP‐CNN (Wang et al, 2018), GWO‐AP‐CNN (Keshtegar & Nehdi, 2020; Malhotra et al, 2018b), FF‐AP‐CNN (Murlidhar et al, 2020), and SLnO‐AP‐CNN (Masadeh et al, 2019), and machine learning algorithms such as CNN (Zarie et al, 2020), PNN (Mahmood et al, 2020), Neural Network (NN) (Beck et al, 2019), support vector machine (SVM) (Borkar et al, 2019), and decision tree (DT) (Shahgoli et al, 2020) concerning Type I or positive measures like, ‘accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, net present value (NPV), F1 score, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC)’, as well as Type II or negative measures like, ‘false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), and false discovery rate (FDR)’.…”