Second‐order transition temperature of butadiene copolymers

Gerke, Roscoe H.

doi:10.1002/pol.1954.120136908

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…In contrary, the thermal properties of PAN are not as well characterised [292]. The literature reports a very broad range for the Tg values of PAN from 39 °C to 180 °C [292][293][294][295][296][297][298][299]. Several studies mention two Tg values for PAN homopolymers using DMA and DSC studies, one in the range of ~90-110 °C and another at 140-170 °C [299][300][301][302], while some other studies reported a single Tg [303][304][305][306][307].…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of St-an Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and controlling the structure of thin polymer films used in photolithography

Alam¹

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Line edge roughness (LER) is one of the major impediments to the semiconductor industry achieving the desired device performance and satisfying the goals set by International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS). LER is defined as any sort of unwanted roughness in semiconductor features, and among many other factors, structural heterogeneity of the photoresist materials is one of the sources of LER in photolithographic devices. This gives the motivation to study a new class of copolymer named 'gradient copolymer', which is unique in terms of the copolymer chain structure. The copolymer composition of gradient copolymers changes from one end of the chain to the other gradually, while the copolymer composition is on average constant along the chains for conventional statistical copolymers. In contrast, block copolymers show an abrupt switch in the polymer composition. In this study, statistical, block and gradient copolymers have been synthesized for two different monomer pairs (styreneacrylonitrile and hydroxystyrene t-butyl acrylate) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and conventional radical polymerization (CvRP) method, and their surface properties extensively studied.The kinetics of copolymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) by RAFT method was studied in detail. Reactivity ratios of St and AN were determined for nine different feed compositions for RAFT, and the effect of solvent on reactivity ratios was discussed based on the bootstrap model. Batch polymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) yielded statistical and spontaneous gradient copolymers depending on the monomer feed ratio, and the chain structures were confirmed from the change in the copolymer composition. St-and AN-centered triad distributions were determined using quantitative 13 C NMR. Using the continuous feeding approach, forced gradient St-AN copolymers were prepared, and St-block-AN copolymers synthesized by the chain extension method. Statistical, gradient and block copolymers have also been synthesized for the acetoxystyrenet-butyl acrylate monomer system. The statistical and gradient structures were confirmed from the change in the composition since this pair does not provide any well resolved peaks for different triad sequences in 13 C NMR. Hydroxystyrenet-butyl acrylate (HOST-tBA) copolymers were prepared by selective hydrolysis of 4-acetoxystyrenet-butyl acrylate (AOST-tBA) copolymers.The properties of the both copolymer systems were found to be strongly dependent on the copolymer structure. A unique broad glass transition was observed for the gradient copolymers, which is different from behaviour of the statistical and block copolymers. Surface properties of St-AN statistical, gradient and block copolymer thin films were found to be very different due to the

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Section: Thermal Properties Of St-an Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and controlling the structure of thin polymer films used in photolithography

Alam¹

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Glass Transition Temperatures of Polymers

Andrews

Grulke

1999

The Wiley Database of Polymer Properties

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VI-244 4.6. Poly(benzimidazoles) VI-245 4.7. Poly(benzothiazinophenothiazines) VI-245 4.8. Poly(benzothiazoles) VI-245 4.9. Poly(benzoxazlnes) VI-245 4.10. Poly(benzoxazoles) VI-245 4.11. Poly(carboranes) VI-245 4.12. Poly(dibenzofurans) VI-246 4.13. Poly(dioxoisoindolines) VI-246 4.14. Poly(fluoresceins) VI-247 4.15. Poly(furan tetracarboxylic acid diimides) VI-247 4.16. Poly(oxabicyclononanes) VI-247 4.17. Poly(oxadiazoles) VI-248 4.18. Poly(oxindoles) VI-248 4.19. Poly(oxoisoindolines) VI-248 4.20. Poly(phthalazines) VI-248 4.21. Poly(phthalides) VI-248 4.22. Poly(piperazines) VI-248 4.23. Poly(piperidines) VI-249 4.24. Poly(pyrazinoquinoxalines) VI-249 4.25. Poly(pyrazoles) VI-249 4.26. Poly(pyridazines) VI-249 4.27. Poly(pyridines) VI-249 4.28. Poly(pyromellitimides) VI-249 4.29. Poly(pyrrolidines) VI-250 4.30. Poly(quinones) VI-250 4.31. Poly(quinoxalines) VI-250 4.32. Poly(triazines) VI-252 4.33. Poly(triazoles) VI-252 Table 5. Copolymers VI-252 G. References VI-253 A. INTRODUCTIONAmorphous (noncrystalline) polymeric solids are either glasses or rubbers. A glassy polymer lacks long range order, and is below the temperature at which molecular motions take place on the time scale of the experiment. A rubbery polymer is above the temperature at which molecular motions take place on the time scale of the experiment. The glass transition temperature, T g , is the critical temperature that separates glassy behavior from rubbery behavior. Many amorphous solids, including polymers, organic liquids, biomaterials, some metals and alloys, and inorganic oxide glasses, exhibit glass transition temperatures. The dramatic change in the local movement of polymer chains at T g leads to large changes in a host of physical properties. These properties include density, specific heat, mechanical modulus, mechanical energy absorption, dielectric coefficients, acoustical properties, viscosity, and the rate of gas or liquid diffusion through the polymer, to name a few. Any of these properties can be used, at least in a crude manner, to determine T g . References page VI -253 Specific volume Gl assCrystal l i zati on vol ume change Li qui d

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The copolymerization of acrylonitrile with unsaturated derivatives of hydrazion‐s‐triazine

Ďalelio

Mallavarapu

1960

Makromol. Chem.

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Substituted hydrazino-s-triazines have been synthesized as intermediates by two methods and their benzal derivatives prepared. A possible mechanism for the formation of hydrazino-s-triazines is proposed. Two new monomers, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-(P-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazine and 2,6-diphenoxy-6-(P-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazine, prepared from these intermediates were copolymerized with acrylonitrile and the monomer reactivity ratios were determined. The copolymers were found to be readily dyeable with methylene blue. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Die Synthese von substituierten Hydrazino-s-Triazinen auf zwei verschiedene Weisen sowie der entsprechenden Benzyliden-Verbindungen wird beschrieben. Ein Reaktionsmechanismus fur die Bildung dieser Hydrazino-s-Triazine wird vorgeschlagen. Ausgehend von diesen Zwischenverbindungen wurden zwei neue Monomere, namlich 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-(P-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazin und 2,6-Diphenoxy-6-(P-itaconylhydrazino)-s-triazin dargestellt. Diese Monomere wurden mit Acrylnitril copolymerisiert und die Reaktionsfiihigkeit der Monomeren bestimmt. Die Copolymere IieRen sich leicht mit Methylenblau firben.

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Second‐order transition temperature of butadiene copolymers

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Understanding and controlling the structure of thin polymer films used in photolithography

Understanding and controlling the structure of thin polymer films used in photolithography

Glass Transition Temperatures of Polymers

The copolymerization of acrylonitrile with unsaturated derivatives of hydrazion‐s‐triazine

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