Secondary attack rate of COVID-19: analysis of contacts of COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care centre, Northern district of  Kerala, India-a cross-sectional study

Saraswathy, Anitha Subhadra; Sanya, Rameela; Kumaran, Jayasree A.

doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205193

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In this study, the secondary clinical attack rate was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2–11.8%). This study’s secondary clinical attack rate is much higher when compared to a study done in Kerala, India (2.6%) and in Singapore (5.9%) [ 7 , 24 ]. This higher rate may be attributed because the studies were cross-sectional or retrospective.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…We estimated the median (IQR) incubation period of SARS CoV-2 was 4 days (4,5). The mean (SD) serial interval was 6.4 (±2.2) days and the median (IQR) serial interval was 5 days (5,7). The hospitalization rate among index cases was 2.7% (95% CI: 0.7-5.4) and that of secondary cases was 2.0% (95% CI: 0-4.0).…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In epidemiology, a household secondary attack rate is defined as number of household cases occurring within the incubation period upon exposure to a primary case divided by total susceptible household contacts [ 6 ]. This indicator will help in studying and understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and also provide information regarding how social interactions influence transmission risk [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India

Yadav,

K. J.,

Meena

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Background Transmissibility within closed settings, such as households, can provide a strategic way to characterize the virus transmission patterns because the denominator can be well defined. We aimed to characterize the household transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) and its associated risk factors. Methods This prospective case-ascertained study was conducted among the household contacts of laboratory-confirmed SARS CoV-2 cases residing in Ballabgarh, Haryana. We enrolled 148 index cases and their 645 household contacts between December 16, 2020 and June 24, 2021. We defined household contact as any person who had resided in the same household as a confirmed COVID-19 case. Baseline data collection and sample collection for real time- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM/IgG against SARS CoV-2 were done on day 1 visit, and followed for a period of 28 days. RT-PCR was repeated on day 14 or whenever the contact is symptomatic and blood sample for serology was repeated on day 28. We estimated household secondary infection rate (SIR) and other epidemiological indicators–median incubation period and serial interval. We employed binomial logistic regression to quantify risk factors associated with infection. Results The household SIR was 30.5% (95% CI: 27.1–34.1%). The secondary clinical attack rate was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2–11.8). The risk factors that showed higher susceptibility to infection were household contacts who were the primary care giver of the case, whose index cases were symptomatic, those with underlying medical conditions, those living in overcrowded households, who were sharing toilet with the index cases and also who were not wearing a mask when coming in contact with the case. The median (IQR) incubation period was 4 days (4, 5), mean (SD) serial interval 6.4 (±2.2) days, and median (IQR) serial interval 5 days (5, 7). Conclusion Households favour secondary transmission of SARS CoV- 2, hence, index cases are recommended to self-isolate and wear masks; and household contacts to follow strict COVID infection control measures within households when a family member is infected.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India

Yadav,

K. J.,

Meena

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Similar observations of high SAR among the high risk contacts was observed by various studies. 5,[16][17][18][19][20] The SAR of COVID-19 in this study was higher than SAR reported from other districts in India. The SAR of 5.6% was observed in a study from North Gujarat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Secondary Attack Rate among the Contacts of COVID-19 Patients at the Beginning of the Pandemic in Pune City of WesternMaharashtra, India

Parande

2021

JCD

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Introduction: The COVID-19 was the emerging disease caused by SARS-COV 2. Efficient transmission of this disease occurs through droplets and fomites. As COVID-19 has high transmission and hence susceptible household & non-household close contacts are at high risk of developing disease. Study Objectives: 1) To estimate secondary attack rate of COVID-19 among the contacts during the pandemic in Pune city; 2) To identify factors associated with transmission and development of COVID-19 disease. Material & Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the month of June 2020. The sample includes 741 contacts of 119 Laboratory confirmed cases for COVID-19, resides in 15 ward offices areas of Pune Municipal Corporation after written informed consent. A confidential telephonic interview was taken by using a prestructured questionnaire which includes socio demographic data, duration of stay, family background, outcome, type of house, development of symptoms etc. Results: The overall Secondary Attack Rate estimated to be 32.5%, 33.7% among the high risk contacts while 13.3% among the low risk contacts. In this city, 6 wards (40%) out of 15 wards showed SAR of more than 40%. The characteristics of primary cases associated with spread of disease were presence of symptoms and duration between onset of disease and isolation of primary case. The factors significantly affecting SAR were age, comorbidity, no. of family members, type of family, type of house, overcrowding, no. of rooms, bedroom attached with toilet, type of contact & containment zone. Conclusion: Higher SAR was seen in the household contacts. It is necessary to adopt rigorous measures to cut the transmission chain in this area of close contact.

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“…[ 8 ] Another study which was done in Kerala has reported a household SAR of 5.88%. [ 9 ] Similarly, a study in China which determined a SAR of 16.3%. [ 10 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household secondary attack rate in mild COVID-19

Kumar

Narayan

Saraswati

et al. 2023

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

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A BSTRACT Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reached a staggering number of almost 280 million cases worldwide, with over 5.4 million deaths as of 29 December 2021. A further understanding of the factors related to the household spread of the infection might help to bring about specific protocols to curb such transmission. Objective: This study aims to find the secondary attack rate (SAR) and factors affecting SAR among the households of mild COVID-19 cases. Methods: An observational study was designed where data of patients admitted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi due to mild COVID-19 were collected, and outcome was noted after the discharge of the patient. Index cases who were the first in the household to have a positive infection only were included. Based on these data, the overall household SAR, factors related to the index case and contacts that affected transmissibility were noted. Results: A total of 60 index cases having contacts with 184 household members were included in the present study. The household SAR was measured to be 41.85%. At least one positive case was present in 51.67% households. Children below 18 years old had lower odds of getting a secondary infection compared to adults and elderly [odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.22–0.94, p = 0.0383). An exposure period of more than a week was significantly associated with a higher risk of infection (p = 0.029). The rate of transmissibility drastically declined with effective quarantine measures adopted by the index case (OR = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.06–0.26, p < 0.00001). Symptomatic index cases contributed more to the SAR than asymptomatic primaries (OR = 4.74, 95%CI = 1.03–21.82, P = 0.045). Healthcare worker index cases had lower rates of spread (OR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.15–0.58, P = 0.0003). Conclusion: The high SAR shows the household is a potential high-risk unit for transmissibility of COVID-19. Proper quarantine measures of all those exposed to the index case can mitigate such spread and lead to reduction of risk of COVID-19 within a household.

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Secondary attack rate of COVID-19: analysis of contacts of COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care centre, Northern district of Kerala, India-a cross-sectional study

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India

Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India

Secondary Attack Rate among the Contacts of COVID-19 Patients at the Beginning of the Pandemic in Pune City of WesternMaharashtra, India

Household secondary attack rate in mild COVID-19

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