Secondary Cells with Lithium Anodes and Immobilized Fused-Salt Electrolytes

Shimotake, H.; Rogers, G. L.; Cairns, Elton J.

doi:10.1021/i260029a009

Cited by 41 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…[27] In 1969, Li-Bi cell with LiF-LiCl-LiI paste electrolyte was reported to be working at a temperature from 380 °C to 485 °C. [44] The Li-Bi cell had a nominal cell voltage of ≈0.6 V at a discharge current density of 2.2 A cm -2 ( Figure 6b), and a maximum power density of 0.57 W cm -2 . In a fully discharged state, the Li concentration in Bi was 41%, which was much lower than 75% obtained from the EMF measurements.…”

Section: -Bismuth (Bi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this invention, the operating temperature of LMBs was decreased to 450 °C, and the temperature could be further lowered to below 400 °C if the electrolyte compositions were optimized. Li-Bi, [21,44] Na-Bi [27] Sb 630.7 6.70 1.8 ≈0.92 V ≈0.9 V Li 3 Sb -Li-Sb, [22] Ca-Sb [46] [47] Na-Sn [26] Pb 327.5 11.34 0.52 ≈0.75 V ≈0.50 V Li 7 Pb 2 -Li-Pb [48] a) Average OCV is the average value of OCV in a range from 0%mol Li in cathode metals to the final stoichiometry (vs Li/Li + ).…”

Section: Li-antimony (Sb) and Li-lead (Pb) -Sb Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Yin

Wang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

169

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The increasing demands for integration of renewable energy into the grid and urgently needed devices for peak shaving and power rating of the grid both call for low‐cost and large‐scale energy storage technologies. The use of secondary batteries is considered one of the most effective approaches to solving the intermittency of renewables and smoothing the power fluctuations of the grid. In these batteries, the states of the electrode highly affect the performance and manufacturing process of the battery, and therefore leverage the price of the battery. A battery with liquid metal electrodes is easy to scale up and has a low cost and long cycle life. In this progress report, the state‐of‐the‐art overview of liquid metal electrodes (LMEs) in batteries is reviewed, including the LMEs in liquid metal batteries (LMBs) and the liquid sodium electrode in sodium‐sulfur (Na–S) and ZEBRA (Na–NiCl2) batteries. Besides the LMEs, the development of electrolytes for LMEs and the challenge of using LMEs in the batteries, and the future prospects of using LMEs are also discussed.

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Section: -Bismuth (Bi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Li-antimony (Sb) and Li-lead (Pb) -Sb Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Yin

Wang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

169

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“…In the 1960s, Argonne National Laboratory performed fundamental thermodynamic investigations of various electrode couples including Li or Na as the negative electrode with Pb, Sb or Bi as the positive electrode, and lithium halide molten salt mixtures or pastes as the electrolyte [10]. Shimotake, Rogers, and Cairns [11] assembled a secondary cell with a negative electrode of liquid Li, a fused LiFeLiCleLiI eutectic electrolyte immobilized as a rigid paste, and a positive electrode of liquid Bi or liquid Te. The cell was operated in the temperature range from 380 C to 485 C at current densities up to 2.2 A cm À2 during which a nominal voltage of 0.6 V was observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-healing Li–Bi liquid metal battery for grid-scale energy storage

Ning

Phadke

Chung

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

178

101

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h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t Electrochemical behavior of the LieBi system was investigated for liquid metal cells. Lithium insertion kinetics in liquid bismuth were studied in a threeelectrode cell. LijLiCleLiBrjBi cells showed long life, high efficiency, and low fade rate. System scalability demonstrated in prototypes with 10 and 100 times original capacity. Robustness shown by cooling to solidify cell, followed by heating and recycling. a b s t r a c tIn an assessment of the performance of a LijLiCleLiFjBi liquid metal battery, increasing the current density from 200 to 1250 mA cm À2 results in a less than 30% loss in specific discharge capacity at 550 C. The charge and discharge voltage profiles exhibit two distinct regions: one corresponding to a LieBi liquid alloy and one corresponding to the two-phase mixture of LieBi liquid alloy and the intermetallic solid compound, Li 3 Bi. Full cell prototypes of 0.1 Ah nameplate capacity have been assembled and cycled at 3 C rate for over a 1000 cycles with only 0.004% capacity fade per cycle. This is tantamount to retention of over 85% of original capacity after 10 years of daily cycling. With minimal changes in design, cells of 44.8 Ah and 134 Ah capacity have been fabricated and cycled at C/3 rate. After a hundred cycles and over a month of testing, no capacity fade is observed. The coulombic efficiency of 99% and energy efficiency of 70% validate the ease of scalability of this battery chemistry. Post mortem cross sections of the cells in various states of charge demonstrate the total reversibility of the Li 3 Bi solid phase formed at high degrees of lithiation.

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“…The word "liquid metal battery" names only a family of electrochemical cells (which may consists of many different active metals combinations). Typical cell couples include Ca||Bi [7,8], Ca||Pb [9], K||Hg [10,11], Li||Bi [1,[12][13][14][15][16], Li||Pb [1,17], Li||Sb [5,17], Li||Sn [1,14,[18][19][20], Li||Zn [1], Mg||Sb [5,21,22], Na||Bi [1,14,18,20,[23][24][25][26][27], Na||Hg [5,28,29], Na||Pb [1,14,20,27,30], Na||Sn [1,11,18,20,31,32] and Na||Zn [33,34] as well as exotic ones such as Li||Se…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

Weber

Nimtz

Personnettaz

et al. 2018

Applied Thermal Engineering

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Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) were recently proposed as cheap large scale energy storage. Such devices are urgently required for balancing highly fluctuating renewable energy sources. During discharge, intermetallic phases tend to form in the cathode of LMBs. These do not only limit the up-scalability, but also the efficiency of the cells. Generating a mild fluid flow in the fully liquid cell will smoothen concentration gradients and minimise the formation of intermetallics.In this context we study electro-vortex flow numerically. We simulate a recent LMB related experiment and discuss how the feeding lines to the cell can be optimised to enhance mass transfer. The Lorentz forces have to overcome the stable thermal stratification in the cathode of the cell; we show that thermal effects may reduce electro-vortex flow velocities considerable. Finally, we study the influence of the Earth magnetic field on the flow.

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Secondary Cells with Lithium Anodes and Immobilized Fused-Salt Electrolytes

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Self-healing Li–Bi liquid metal battery for grid-scale energy storage

Electromagnetically driven convection suitable for mass transfer enhancement in liquid metal batteries

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