“…Dogs are able to develop individual attachment relationship with humans even in adulthood (Gácsi, Topál, Miklósi, Dóka, & Csányi, 2001;Valsecchi, Previde, Accorsi, & Fallani, 2010), follow referential pointing gestures provided by humans (Kaminski, Bräuer, Call, & Tomasello, 2009;Soproni, Miklósi, Topál, & Csányi, 2002), are capable of social referencing (Merola, Prato-Previde, & Marshall-Pescini, 2012) as well as have different personalities resembling human personality types (Gosling, Kwan, & John, 2003;Turcsán, Range, Virányi, Miklósi, & Kubinyi, 2012). For the current study it is especially important to point out that dogs can successfully communicate and cooperate with humans that is they show social behaviours that humans can easily understand without massive prior learning (dogs' showing behaviour: Miklósi, Polgárdi, Topál, & Csányi, 2000; children recognise emotional content of dog barks: Pongrácz, Molnár, Dóka, & Miklósi, 2011; disabled people recognise assistance dogs' conflict behaviour: Gácsi, Szakadát, & Miklósi, 2013;similarities in the emotion processing at the neural level in dogs and humans: , and most importantly, dog owners tend to attribute complex emotions to their pets (secondary emotions: Morris, Doe, & Godsell, 2008;guilt: Hecht, Miklósi, & Gácsi, 2012).…”