Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to nivolumab/ipilimumab in a renal cell cancer patient—A case report

Abstract

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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/cytokine release syndrome secondary to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab for triple-negative breast cancer: a case study

“…Although CRS and HLH are more associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and bispecific T-cell engagers, a growing number of published case reports describe CRS and HLH secondary to ICIs ( 14 – 32 ). In a 2020 analysis of the World Health Organization global database of drug-related adverse events, there were 43 reported cases of CRS associated with PD-1/PD-L1 therapy ( 33 ).…”

“…In reviewing cases of HLH secondary to immunotherapy, we found variability in management. Some patients were treated with the HLH-2004 protocol ( 22 , 27 , 31 , 43 , 44 ), while others were treated with corticosteroids alone ( 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 32 , 35 , 45 – 47 ). Some centers utilized combinations of corticosteroids and other agents such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) ( 29 , 48 ), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclosporin ( 30 ), anakinra ( 29 , 49 ), tocilizumab ( 31 , 50 ), and infliximab ( 25 ).…”