Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics

Zeilinger, Susanne; Gruber, Sabine; Bansal, Ravindra; Mukherjee, Prasun K.

doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.001

Cited by 323 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Key lytic enzymes in biocontrol activity against fungal plant pathogens [76, 82, 83] were already expressed by T. atroviride during incubation in the simplified soil microcosm (SSM+T sample), and they were not further modulated by A. mellea introduction (SSM+T+A sample), as in the case of 23 proteases, 13 ß-glucanases, ten chitinases and two glucosaminidases. Likewise, two PKSs, eight NRPSs, 17 enzymes of toxin metabolism and four of terpenoid metabolism (terpene, trichothecene and trichodiene), six siderophore transporters and 23 ABC transporters possibly implicated in the production of toxic biocontrol molecules and antifungal components [84, 85] were highly expressed by T. atroviride in the simplified soil microcosm. These expression profiles suggested that biocontrol processes were already activated by T. atroviride incubated in the soil matrix to compete with soil microorganisms and the simplified soil microcosm consequently reacted by activating defence processes and detoxification mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat

et al. 2016

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BackgroundSoil microorganisms are key determinants of soil fertility and plant health. Soil phytopathogenic fungi are one of the most important causes of crop losses worldwide. Microbial biocontrol agents have been extensively studied as alternatives for controlling phytopathogenic soil microorganisms, but molecular interactions between them have mainly been characterised in dual cultures, without taking into account the soil microbial community. We used an RNA sequencing approach to elucidate the molecular interplay of a soil microbial community in response to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent, in order to examine the molecular patterns activated by the microorganisms.ResultsA simplified soil microcosm containing 11 soil microorganisms was incubated with a plant root pathogen (Armillaria mellea) and its biocontrol agent (Trichoderma atroviride) for 24 h under controlled conditions. More than 46 million paired-end reads were obtained for each replicate and 28,309 differentially expressed genes were identified in total. Pathway analysis revealed complex adaptations of soil microorganisms to the harsh conditions of the soil matrix and to reciprocal microbial competition/cooperation relationships. Both the phytopathogen and its biocontrol agent were specifically recognised by the simplified soil microcosm: defence reaction mechanisms and neutral adaptation processes were activated in response to competitive (T. atroviride) or non-competitive (A. mellea) microorganisms, respectively. Moreover, activation of resistance mechanisms dominated in the simplified soil microcosm in the presence of both A. mellea and T. atroviride. Biocontrol processes of T. atroviride were already activated during incubation in the simplified soil microcosm, possibly to occupy niches in a competitive ecosystem, and they were not further enhanced by the introduction of A. mellea.ConclusionsThis work represents an additional step towards understanding molecular interactions between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents within a soil ecosystem. Global transcriptional analysis of the simplified soil microcosm revealed complex metabolic adaptation in the soil environment and specific responses to antagonistic or neutral intruders.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3174-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat

et al. 2016

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“…), and, in other incidence, transporters and transcription genes aspects [63,64]. Six extra genomes (the mycotrophic Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma parareesei, Trichoderma gamsii, and the devious human pathogens Trichoderma citrinoviride and Trichoderma longibrachiatum) were afterward supplementary to the public records [65]. The fungal SMs biosynthesis often involves exclusive and uncommon biochemical paths.…”

Section: Metabolism To Genomics For Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on fungal endophytes and its dynamics on Orchidaceae plants: current research, challenges, and future possibilities

2019

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In the development of medicinally important Orchidaceae, the extent of fungal endophytes specificity is not presently very clear. Limited study has been available on natural products formed and its role on plant growth, defence mechanism by endophytes, and to characterize the chief treasure of bioactive molecules. Therefore, this review article presents an evaluation of the endophytes associated with Orchidaceae for physiology, metabolism, and genomics which have prominently contributed to the resurgence of novel metabolite research increasing our considerate of multifaceted mechanisms regulatory appearance of biosynthetic gene groups encoding diverse metabolites. Additionally, we presented the comprehensive recent development of biostrategies for the cultivation of endophytes from Orchidaceae and integration of bioengineered 'Genomics with metabolism' approaches with emphases collective omics as powerful approach to discover novel metabolite compounds. The Orchidaceae-fungal endophytes' biodynamics for sustainable development of bioproducts and its applications are supported in large-scale biosynthesis of industrially and pharmaceutical important biomolecules. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Trichoderma is one of the most studied BCAs in plants, being part of several commercial formulations. This may be explained by its antimicrobial activity arising from mechanisms such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism and/or competition (Zeilinger et al , ); ability to induce systemic resistance and plant defence (Hermosa et al , ); positive effects on seed germination and plant growth (Zhang et al , ); and versatility and cosmopolitan distribution (Hermosa et al , ). However, although the beneficial role of Trichoderma on plant growth and productivity is universally accepted, some negative effects have also been reported (Menzies, ; Marín‐Guirao et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Trichoderma viride pre‐inoculation in pine species with different levels of susceptibility to Fusarium circinatum: physiological and hormonal responses

et al. 2019

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Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum, affects Pinus species worldwide. Although no effective solutions have yet been found to control it, there is a growing interest in using biological control agents (BCA) such as Trichoderma to avoid the application of chemical‐based products. Using species with an increasing level of susceptibility to PPC (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma viride pre‐inoculation on disease development, assessing several physiological and hormonal parameters. A 2‐week period elapsed between T. viride and F. circinatum inoculation. Sampling for each species was performed independently when at least 50% of the plants of one of the inoculated groups developed disease symptoms. Fusarium circinatum infection reduced water status and photosynthesis, but increased proline, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid concentrations in plants of P. radiata and P. pinaster with symptoms; while in P. pinea water relations were maintained and anthocyanin accumulation occurred in the presence of F. circinatum. In P. radiata, T. viride pre‐inoculation accelerated disease progression, with some PPC‐induced responses augmented (decreased water potential and photosynthesis; increased substomatal CO2 concentration) and novel changes not found in seedlings inoculated exclusively with F. circinatum (increased electrolyte leakage and salicylic acid; decreased relative water content). This suggests that T. viride may be initially recognized as an invading organism, subverting the plant defence mechanisms for successful root colonization. If seedlings are not allowed to recover from this state, pathogen infection may thus be facilitated, highlighting the importance of application timing in BCA strategies.

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Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics

Cited by 323 publications

References 138 publications

Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat

Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat

A comprehensive review on fungal endophytes and its dynamics on Orchidaceae plants: current research, challenges, and future possibilities

Effect of Trichoderma viride pre‐inoculation in pine species with different levels of susceptibility to Fusarium circinatum: physiological and hormonal responses

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