Secondary Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Distribution, Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Implications of Their Occurrence

Abstract

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogenic fungus from the family Botryosphaeriaceae that is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been associated with many hosts, causing diverse diseases and being responsible for serious damages on economically important crops. A diverse array of bioactive low molecular weight compounds has been described as being produced by L. theobromae cultures. In this review, the existing literature on secondary metabolites of L. theobromae, their bioactivity, and the implications of their occurrence are compiled. Moreover, the effects of abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, nutrient availability) on secondary metabolites production are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research are presented. Currently, a total of 134 chemically defined compounds belonging to the classes of secondary metabolites and fatty acids have been reported from over 30 L. theobromae isolates. Compounds reported include cyclohexenes and cyclohexenones, indoles, jasmonates, lactones, melleins, phenols, and others. Most of the existing bioactivity studies of L. theobromae metabolites have assessed their potential phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. In fact, its host adaptability and its ability to cause diseases in plants as well as in humans may be related to the capacity to produce bioactive compounds directly involved in host–fungus interactions.

Dieback of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale) in Cameroon

“…Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most important disease in cashew orchards all over the world causing anthracnose which leads to drop of leaves (Afouda et al, 2013). On the contrary while Lasiodiplodia theobromae seems to be less important according to some studies it is the main pathogen responsible of inflorescences, gummosis, twigs and shoot dieback in Nigeria, Ivory coast, and in many others countries (Salvatore et al, 2020;Hassan and Nazzami, 2017;Adeniyi et al, 2011;Oliveira et al, 2015;Shah et al, 2010;Masood et al, 2010). Complex of these two fungi is not always reported in dieback literature.…”

Secondary Metabolites Produced by Neofusicoccum Species Associated with Plants: A Review

“…In particular, phenyl ethanol (60) and tyrosol (61) are produced by fungi via the Shikimate biosynthetic pathway, while 2-hydroxypropylsalicylic acid (53) and 6-methylsalicylic acid (56) are produced through the Polyketide biosynthetic pathway. Tyrosol is one of the most frequently detected metabolites in cultures of botryosphaeraceous fungi [58]. In fact, it was identified in culture extracts of several phytopathogenic strains of N. australe [16,17,30], N. parvum [30,32] and N. luteum [18,30] (Table 2).…”

“…One of the major concerns in GTDs control is the slow progression of the host xylem colonization by pathogenic fungi or the absence of symptoms for long periods [71,73,74]. In the broad spectrum of GTDs, species of Botryosphaeriaceae are the disease causative agent of the Botryosphaeria dieback [12,58,75] and several of these species belong to genus Neofusicoccum, causing diverse symptoms in infected grapevines, such as leaf chlorosis, bud and wood necrosis, weak spring growth, and vascular cankers primarily in the shape of wedges [72,76,77]. Many symptoms, particularly the foliar ones, can be attributed to the production of toxic secondary metabolites by the fungus [11,78].…”

“…Structures of phenols and alcohols: 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-hydroxypropyl salicylic acid, 2methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylcatechol, 6-methyl-salicylic acid, isobutanol, isopentyl alcohol, p-cresol, phenylethyl alcohol, tyrosol(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61).…”

Jasmonic acid biosynthesis by fungi: derivatives, first evidence on biochemical pathways and culture conditions for production

“…Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a common phytopathogenic fungus capable of producing JAs at high level as a result of its primary and secondary metabolism ( Alves et al, 2008 ; Eng et al, 2016 ; Salvatore, Alves & Andolfi, 2020 ). Although, JA is produced as the main product, other JAs such as 9,10-didehydro JA (9,10-ddh-JA), 11-hydroxy JA and 12-hydroxy JA sulfate (12-HSO 4 -JA) were formed to a lesser extent ( Fig.…”