Secondary Metabolites Profiling, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Commiphora gileadensis L. Leaves, Seeds, Callus, and Cell Suspension Extracts

Abstract

Commiphora gileadensis L. is an important endangered medicinal plant that belongs to the family Burseraceae. In this study, C. gileadensis callus culture was established successfully using mature leaves as explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 24.50 μM of indole butyric acid (IBA) and 2.22 μM 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (callus induction media). The obtained callus was maintained on MS medium supplemented with 16.11 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6.66 μM BAP, which resulted in a substantial increase in callus fresh and dry weights. The cell suspension culture was established successfully using liquid callus induction media supplemented with 3.0 mg·L−1 proline. Thereafter, the chemical constituents of different C. gileadensis methanolic extracts (callus, cell suspension, leaves, and seeds) were profiled, and their cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties were investigated. The LC-MS GNPS analyses were applied for chemical profiling of the methanolic plant extracts, and several natural products were identified, including flavonols, flavanones, and flavonoids glycosides, with two unusual families that included puromycin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, and justicidin B. The methanolic extracts have shown selective antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties against different microbes and cancer cell lines. For instance, leaf extract showed the highest zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus, while cell suspension culture was effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. All extracts showed selective activity against A549 cell lines for the cytotoxicity assay, while the leaf extract had a broad cytotoxic effect against all tested cell lines. This study revealed that C. gileadensis callus and cell suspension cultures can be employed to increase the in vitro formation of biologically active compounds that may have cytotoxicity and antibacterial action against different cancer cell lines and bacterial species. Further studies are required to isolate and identify such constituents that corroborate the observed activities.

Phytochemical Profiles and Cytotoxic Activity of Bursera fagaroides Leaves and Its Callus Culture

“…Mishra and Kumar [19] performed callus induction on Commiphora wightii (Burseraceae) using 5 mg -1 of 2,4-D and 0.5 mgL -1 of BAP, obtaining 5.78 g of maximum fresh biomass. On the other hand, Al-Abdallat and collaborators [20], obtained 32.41 g of fresh biomass and 0.89 g of dry biomass in a callus culture of Commiphora gileadensis (Burseraceae) using high concentrations of auxin with respect to cytokinin. In our study we obtain higher concentrations of dry biomass.…”

“…The callus growth curve was plotted with the culture time against the weights of the fresh and dry biomasses to know the phases of cell growth (adaptation, exponential, stationary and death). Kinetic parameters were calculated: the specific growth rate µ (time -1 ), the cell doubling time (td) using the following formula td=ln(2)/μ [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and the growth index (GI) given by the final dry biomass minus the initial dry biomass divided by the initial dry biomass.…”

“…This compound was synthesized in the callus of Commiphora wightii grown in all treatments with 2, 4-D and kinetin [19]. On the other hand, callus cultures and cell suspensions of Commiphora gileadensis can be used to produce secondary metabolites (quercetin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, floginax and puromycin) with antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects [20]. Another study was the production of boswellic acid (anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agent) in calluses obtained from root, stem, cotyledon, and leaf explants of Boswellia serrata [21].…”

A Sustainable Approach to In Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Salvia dominica L.: A Wild Medicinal Plant from Jordan

“…Using mercury chloride HgCl 2 was also effective in many studies for sterilization of the explants in the in vitro cultures. For example, mercury chloride was used successfully for Commiphora gileadensis L. leaf sterilization [30] and also for stem segment sterilization in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) [31].…”

“…Furthermore, BA was used in callus induction in Salvia officinalis in combination with NAA [48]. Also, BAP was the best plant growth regulator that increased the friable callus growth in different Salvia species [49,50] and other plant species such as C. gileadensis [30] and Taraxacum officinale [51]. From that, we can conclude that BAP was the best growth regulator to multiply S. dominica calli.…”