Secondary rock structures and the regional hydrogeology of claystone-rich cretaceous strata, Williston Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract

The geometry and spatial distribution of a polygonal fault system (PFS) and collapse features within Cretaceous strata (predominantly mudstones and claystones) were investigated using three high-resolution three-dimensional seismic datasets of the Williston Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mapping of the planform geometry and fault throw distributions (throw–depth (T–z) profiling) shows that the PFS present in the Colorado Group and Pierre Fm has a vertical extent of 200–330 m. Variation in the lateral planform geometry is attributed to the relative rates of stress accumulation during early development of the planar faults and is constrained using sequence stratigraphic principles. The mean fault dip is 60° ± 12° (number of measurements, n = 225). The T–z profiles appear as partial C-type profiles, demonstrating that at least half of the total height of the PFS was removed during post-Cretaceous erosion. The presence of polygonal faults in equivalent strata of the Western Interior Sedimentary Basin (WISB) suggests the PFS described in the current study (1510 km2) may be present across the WISB. Collapse features, formed in response to dissolution cavities within underlying strata, crosscut the entire Cretaceous sequence and are subcircular in plan view with typical diameters of 350–450 m. These features are present in each of the datasets at a rate of 0.02–0.11 collapses/km2. The prevalence of collapses in areas where faults display modified throw distributions may suggest post-Cretaceous fault reactivation associated with Pleistocene glacial periods. Although these secondary rock structures likely affect groundwater and solute transport at the basin scale, the impact remains to be determined.

Changes in Deep Groundwater Flow Patterns Related to Oil and Gas Activities

“…Over much of the study area, low permeability Cretaceous shales will impede the upward movement of fluids and protect overlying groundwater systems (Shaw and Hendry 1998;Hendry et al 2013). There is some evidence of vertical faulting through these strata (Smith and Pullen 1967;Gendzwill and Stauffer 2006;Szmigielski and Hendry 2017) but there are no permeability data available for these structures. Leaky well bores may also provide a pathway for contaminants to reach shallow groundwater systems.…”