Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Neurobehavioral Disorders Among Children in the United States

Kabir, Zubair; Connolly, Gregory N.; Alpert, Hillel R.

doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0023

Cited by 90 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Additionally, secondhand smoke exposure is an unlikely explanation as it does not differ by sex among children. 27 However, a limitation of this study is that we did not measure these factors, which should be addressed in future studies.…”

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confidence: 96%

Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome

et al. 2013

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Objective: To determine whether childhood obesity is a risk factor for developing pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).Methods: Cases were identified through the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) Pediatric Acquired Demyelinating Diseases Cohort between 2004 and 2010. For cases, body mass index (BMI) was obtained prior to symptom onset, for the underlying cohort BMI was obtained through the KPSC Children's health study (n 5 913,097). Weight classes of normal weight, overweight, moderate obesity, and extreme obesity were assigned based on BMI specific for age and sex.Results: We identified 75 newly diagnosed pediatric cases of MS or CIS, the majority of which were in girls (n 5 41, 55%), age 11-18 (n 5 54, 72%). Obesity was associated with a significantly increased risk of MS/CIS in girls (p 5 0.005 for trend) but not in boys (p 5 0.93). The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for CIS/MS among girls was 1.58 (0.71-3.50) for overweight compared to normal weight (reference category), 1.78 (0.70-4.49) for moderately obese, and 3.76 (1.54-9.16) for extremely obese. Moderately and extremely obese cases were more likely to present with transverse myelitis compared with normal/overweight children (p 5 0.003). Conclusion:Our findings suggest the childhood obesity epidemic is likely to lead to increased morbidity from MS/CIS, particularly in adolescent girls. Once thought to be rare in children, multiple sclerosis (MS) and its potential precursor, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which encompasses optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM), are increasingly recognized. Pediatric MS/CIS most often affects teenage girls. While once thought to be more common in whites, one study showed that the incidence is higher in blacks compared with whites and Hispanics.1 Whether this represents increased exposure to environmental triggers that increase with age, black race, or female sex during childhood is unclear.Over the last 30 years, the prevalence of pediatric obesity has tripled. It is well-known that obesity is characterized by a low-grade inflammatory state, 2 raising the possibility that the increasing reports of pediatric MS/CIS may be due at least in part to this alarming epidemic. Yet whether obesity is a risk factor for pediatric MS/CIS is unknown. Even in adults, the relationship between obesity and MS risk is not well understood. Only 2 studies have examined this question, both of which suggest that moderate obesity at age 20 but not at other times in life double the risk of adult-onset MS in women 3,4 and men. 4 However, the studies are limited by retrospective self-report of body size, 3,4 selection bias, 3 use of volunteer controls, 4 small number of obese subjects, 3,4 and inability to examine the risk among extremely obese individuals. 3,4 The purpose of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the association between overweight, moderate, and extreme childhood obesity and the risk of pediatric MS/CIS in our population-based,

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confidence: 96%

Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome

et al. 2013

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“…However, this finding reflects the mechanism through which the infants/children's respiratory system can be affected by these carcinogens. Similarly, Kabir et al [13] found that there is increased likelihood of respiratory disorders due to exposure to second hand smoking. Moreover, alterations in the serum level of protein, plasma, lipoprotein, and leptin as well as fibrinogen can result in adverse health outcomes as reported by Cohen et al [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, considering the contrast nature of findings from the studies reviewed in this section, caution must be applied in interpreting their study results. Kabir et al [13] tend to associate serum cotinine level with race as they concluded that higher level of serum cotinine was noted among the non-Hispanic black and white children when compared with the Hispanic group. Yolton et al [20] study associated the elevated level of serum cotinine to gender; concluding that elevation in serum cotinine level was only observed in the non-Hispanic white boys who had impaired neuro-behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…asthma and wheeze in children but can also result in long-term disorders such as emphysema and lung cancer. The likelihood of increased chance of respiratory allergy among infants/children's exposed to second hand smoking [13], has also been noted. Besides, there is a significant association between infants/children's exposure to second hand smoking and bronchitis as well as hay fever [14].…”

Section: Infant/children's Lungs Development and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associated Public Health and Disease Consequences of Infants/Children’s Exposure to Second Hand Smoking: A Public Health Concern

Azuonwu¹

2017

JLPRR

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Introduction: An estimated 2.3 million infants/children across all countries of the world are exposed to second-hand smoking (SHS). These infants and children live in households where there is at least one smoker. This has contributed to the alarming incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including neuro developmental defects and lowered immunity among infants/children. Illnesses such as asthma, hypertension, arterial defects, impaired neuro development and infectious diseases have been found to be associated with increased exposure to SHS.Method/Methodology: This is a systematic review of published research articles focusing on the health consequences of infants/children's exposure to SHS. Studies reviewed comprise of cross-sectional, prospective, longitudinal and observational studies. Findings/Results:Key findings indicate that Infants/children are predisposed to various disorders that affect their cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems leading to morbidities such as hypertension impaired endothelial functioning, asthma, wheeze, lowered immunity as well as obesity. In addition, permanent disabilities that result in long-term disease conditions such as emphysema, cancer of the lungs and impaired cardiovascular reflex with impaired neuro-development leading to learning disabilities, altered neuro-behaviour as well as anxiety and panic disorders, including depression are all associated with infant/childhood exposure to SHS. Conclusion:There is immediate public health need to promulgate ways to minimize exposure of infant/childhood to second hand smoking so as to reduce the risks and disease burden associated with SHS.

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“…Behavioral disorders are more common in children exposed involuntarily to cigarette smoke 78 , while the impact of THS on behavior has received little research. Animals exposed to THS displayed hyperactivity-type behavior, running longer and faster in the open field test than unexposed animals 61 .…”

Section: Effects Of Ths On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirdhand smoke: when the danger is more than you can see or smell

2016

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Neurobehavioral Disorders Among Children in the United States

Cited by 90 publications

References 26 publications

Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome

Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome

Associated Public Health and Disease Consequences of Infants/Children’s Exposure to Second Hand Smoking: A Public Health Concern

Thirdhand smoke: when the danger is more than you can see or smell

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