Secreted blood reporters: Insights and applications

Abstract

Secreted reporters which are detected in the blood/serum/urine have shown to be simple and useful tools for ex vivo real-time monitoring of in vivo biological processes. Here we explore the three most commonly used secreted blood reporters in experimental animals: secreted alkaline phosphatase, soluble peptides derived from human carcinoembryonic antigen and human chorionic gonadotropin, and Gaussia luciferase. We also comment on other recently discovered secreted reporters and their potential use as blood reporters for multiplexing applications.

The smallest natural high-active luciferase: Cloning and characterization of novel 16.5-kDa luciferase from copepod Metridia longa

“…The secreted bioluminescent enzymes are a convenient analytical tool because they enable monitoring of intracellular events with high sensitivity, without destroying cells or tissues [1]. This property is well suited both for application in biomedical research [2,3] and in the development of cell-based assays for high throughput screening [4].…”

Development of a Gaussia Luciferase-Based Human Norovirus Protease Reporter System: Cell Type-Specific Profile of Norwalk Virus Protease Precursors and Evaluation of Inhibitors

“…It is nontoxic and naturally secreted in an active form when expressed in mammalian cells and does not require any cofactor for activity (28). GLuc has been widely used as a single reporter gene, either driven by constitutively active promoters or under the control of transcription factors/gene promoters (29). Only recently, GLuc fusion proteins began to emerge as biosensors for protease activities in cell-based reporter systems.…”

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals around the Gold Mine Ore Tailings of Hatti, Karnataka State, India

“…Nazir et al (2015) reported that, the industrial waste used in irrigated croplands accumulates heavy metal (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb) and their uptake was high in spring season plants and shows some morphometric and physiological dysfunction. Chakraborty et al (2013), Hazard (2013) were reported that, the arsenic contamination in the historic gold mining area of the Magalur greenstone belt of India was high and it causes arsenicosis in most of the local people. Also, various reports from the Raichur district depict the arsenic contamination and its effect on human health.…”

“…Oftenly, this solid waste fetches its toxicants to adjoining environments through leachate, run-off, atmospheric fallout and wind erosion leads to a potential risk to the environment as well as human health (Armienta et al 2003;Jung 2008;Sisodia 2013). Several authors reported that gold mine industries may degrade the natural setting, human health and livelihood (Rao and Reddy 2005;Hazard 2013;Basavarajappa and Manjunatha 2015). Ono et al (2012), Cobbinal et al (2013) reported that, gold ore dumps are the major source of xenobiotic contamination through weathering of the heap waste materials, which results the discharge of toxic chemicals such as cadmium, lead, copper, arsenic, selenium, and mercury.…”