Ficolins are innate immune pattern‐recognition molecules. The name of ficolin was derived from its basic structure, consisting of a collagen‐like domain and a fibrinogen‐like domain (FBG). The FBG preferably recognises acetylated compounds. Humans have three homologous proteins: H‐ficolin (or ficolin‐3), L‐ficolin (or ficolin‐2) and M‐ficolin (or ficolin‐1). Mice have ficolin‐A and ficolin‐B, which are homologous to L‐ficolin and M‐ficolin, respectively, whereas a murine homologue of H‐ficolin is absent. Ficolin genes are germinally present and, therefore, their proteins are expressed at healthy state and are circulating in blood or localised in organs, affording an instant host protection. Ficolins are homologous to collectins structurally and functionally but has a difference in target recognition. Ficolins, like collectins, play important roles in innate immunity as activators of the lectin pathway of the complement system.
Key Concepts:
Ficolins are molecules of innate immunity, which is the first line of host defence mechanism and is fully functional throughout the body and life regardless of health.
Ficolins are similar to collectins in their structures and biologic functions with a major difference that target recognition is through fibrinogen‐like domain unlike carbohydrate recognition domain of collectins.
Ficolins are pattern‐recognition molecules, which are able to identify invading pathogens and abnormal cells and tissues, in addition to normal cells, which are not recognised by collectins.
Selected genetic mutations affect functions of ficolins and are associated with reduced host defence mechanisms.
Some ficolins may be a disease modifier as deficiency itself may cause no problem, whereas it may have adverse effect depending on types of disease, infection or injury.
Ficolins have structural and functional homology to collectins and may share and substitute functions in host defence.