Secreted Proteases from Dermatophytes

Monod, Michel

doi:10.1007/s11046-008-9105-4

Cited by 174 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…protein media (for review see Monod, 2008). In addition, these in vitro results support the applicability of our approach to the study of the two related species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…During infection, dermatophytes exclusively invade and multiply within the epidermal stratum corneum, nails or hair, a characteristic which is attributed to their extraordinary ability to degrade insoluble keratin into oligopeptides and amino acids. During in vitro growth on keratin, dermatophytes secrete a number of different keratinases, many of which have been discovered in the last decades (reviewed by Monod, 2008). Individual secreted proteases of dermatophytes are similar to those of other related fungi such as Aspergillus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection

et al. 2010

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Although dermatophytes are the most common agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals, the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of these fungi is largely unknown. In vitro digestion of keratin by dermatophytes is associated with the secretion of multiple proteases, which are assumed to be responsible for their particular specialization to colonize and degrade keratinized host structures during infection. To investigate the role of individual secreted proteases in dermatophytosis, a guinea pig infection model was established for the zoophilic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae, which causes highly inflammatory cutaneous infections in humans and rodents. By use of a cDNA microarray covering approximately 20-25 % of the A. benhamiae genome and containing sequences of at least 23 protease genes, we revealed a distinct in vivo protease gene expression profile in the fungal cells, which was surprisingly different from the pattern elicited during in vitro growth on keratin. Instead of the major in vitroexpressed proteases, others were activated specifically during infection. These enzymes are therefore suggested to fulfil important functions that are not exclusively associated with the degradation of keratin. Most notably, the gene encoding the serine protease subtilisin 6, which is a known major allergen in the related dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and putatively linked to host inflammation, was found to be the most strongly upregulated gene during infection. In addition, our approach identified other candidate pathogenicity-related factors in A. benhamiae, such as genes encoding key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle and an opsin-related protein.Our work provides what we believe to be the first broad-scale gene expression profile in human pathogenic dermatophytes during infection, and points to putative virulence-associated mechanisms that make these micro-organisms the most successful aetiological agents of superficial mycoses.Abbreviations: FDR, false discovery rate; MFS, major facilitator superfamily; PAS, periodic acid Schiff; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR.

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“…protein media (for review see Monod, 2008). In addition, these in vitro results support the applicability of our approach to the study of the two related species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection

et al. 2010

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“…skin, nails, and hairs, since they are most likely found in hot humid areas [6]. These fungi can easily digest the keratinized tissue by releasing sulphite, exoprotease, and endoprotease [7]. Sulphite being a reducing agent broke the disulphide bonds of keratin protein and made them more vulnerable to fungal proteases enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Extracts of Ten Plant Species and Griseofulvin Against Human Pathogenic Dermatophytes

Massiha

Muradov

2015

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: This study was conducted to measure the antifungal activity of the extracts of 10 plant species used in traditional Iranian medicine against human pathogenic dermatophytes. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the leaves of these plants (Calendula officinalis, Acacia arabica, Altheae officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, Juglans regia, Osimum basilicum, Solanum nigrum, Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, and Anagalis arvensis) were taken and extractions were made in methanol and were tested against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton schoenleinii, and Epidermophyton floccosum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth macrodilution method. The effects of plants extracts were compared with those of griseofulvin. Results: Plants under review showed antifungal activity against all the dermatophytes tested with MIC values ranging from 0.001 to 0.016 mg/mL using inhibitory zone estimation, 0.3 to 12.8 mg/mL using agar dilution method and 0.2 to 12.5 mg/mL using broth dilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extracts ranged from 0.8 to 15.62 mg/mL. Conclusions: The results obtained suggested that H. perforatum, A. arvensis, and A. arabica have anti-dermatophyte activity.

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“…Among all, bacteria specifically Bacillus species are found to be most dynamic and frequent keratinase producing bacteria [5]. The keratin degradation mechanism includes sulfitolysis, proteolysis and followed by deamination, although pattern of degradation is not clear till date [6]. As the feather has b-pleated sheet structure consists of 20 amino acids, mainly of cysteine and its structural configuration comprises of a central carbon linked to functional groups (amine, -NH 2 , and carboxylic acid, -COOH), the hydrogen atoms and the group R further twisted and cross linked by disulfide bridges to form a cable-like structures [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrolyzing Proficiency of Keratinases in Feather Degradation

Gupta

Singh

2014

Indian J Microbiol

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The keratinase degrade highly rigid, cross linked structural polypeptides with different efficiency depending on the type of source. Two newly isolated strains of Bacillus subtilis (RSE163 and RSE165; NCBI Accession no JQ887983 and JQ887982) were found to be efficient keratinase producers with unusual catalytic activity result in different morphological changes in degradation pattern of feather, confirmed by their scanned electron micrographs. Maximum keratinolytic activity of both the strains B. subtilis RSE163 and RSE165 were found to be 366 ± 15.79 and 194 ± 7.26 U after 72 h of incubation. While the disulphide reductase activity of RSE163 and RSE165 estimated 0.24 ± 0.05 and 0.15 ± 0.03 U/ml of enzyme after 24 h of incubation. A total of 16 free amino acids of variable concentration were also analyzed in the cell free supernatant of hydrolyzed feather from two strains. Present study demonstrates the action of two different keratinases in feather degradation.

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Secreted Proteases from Dermatophytes

Cited by 174 publications

References 61 publications

Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection

Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection

Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Extracts of Ten Plant Species and Griseofulvin Against Human Pathogenic Dermatophytes

Hydrolyzing Proficiency of Keratinases in Feather Degradation

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