Secretion of Antimicrobial Proteins from the Parotid Glands of Different Aged Healthy Persons

Fox, Philip C.; Heft, Marc W.; Herrera, Miriam S.; Bowers, Mary R.; Mandel, Irwin D.; Baum, Bruce J.

doi:10.1093/geronj/42.5.466

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Parotid and whole saliva from healthy non-medicated subjects showed no age changes in flow rate or concentrations of antimicrobial and proline-rich proteins. This was the case in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (Aguirre et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1987;Wu et al, 1993;Narhi et al, 1994). One paper has reported higher levels of parotid slgA in aged subjects (Arranz et al, 1992), but this has not been confirmed by others (Ganguly et al, 1986;Aguirre et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1987).…”

Section: (D) Long-term Changementioning

confidence: 89%

“…This was the case in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (Aguirre et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1987;Wu et al, 1993;Narhi et al, 1994). One paper has reported higher levels of parotid slgA in aged subjects (Arranz et al, 1992), but this has not been confirmed by others (Ganguly et al, 1986;Aguirre et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1987). Submandibular/sublingual saliva has not been extensively studied, but lower levels of MG1 and MG2 have been reported in healthy non-medicated older adults (Denny et al, 1991;Navazesh et al, 1992).…”

Section: (D) Long-term Changementioning

confidence: 95%

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Does Variability in Salivary Protein Concentrations Influence Oral Microbial Ecology and Oral Health?

Rudney

1995

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

113

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Salivary protein interactions with oral microbes in vitro include aggregation, adherence, cell-killing, inhibition of metabolism, and nutrition. Such interactions might be expected to influence oral ecology. However, inconsistent results have been obtained from in vivo tests of the hypothesis that quantitative variation in salivary protein concentrations will affect oral disease prevalence. Results may have been influenced by choices made during study design, including saliva source, stimulation status, control for flow rate, and assay methods. Salivary protein concentrations also may be subject to circadian variation. Values for saliva collected at the same time of day tend to remain consistent within subjects, but events such as stress, inflammation, infection, menstruation, or pregnancy may induce short-term changes. Long-term factors such as aging, systemic disease, or medication likewise may influence salivary protein concentrations. Such sources of variation may increase the sample size needed to find statistically significant differences. Clinical studies also must consider factors such as human population variation, strain and species differences in protein-microbe interactions, protein polymorphism, and synergistic or antagonistic interaction between proteins. Salivary proteins may form heterotypic complexes with unique effects, and different proteins may exert redundant effects. Patterns of protein-microbe interaction also may differ between oral sites. Future clinical studies must take those factors into account. Promising approaches might involve meta-analysis or multi-center studies, retrospective and prospective longitudinal designs, short-term measurement of salivary protein effects, and consideration of individual variation in multiple protein effects such as aggregation, adherence, and cell-killing.

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Section: (D) Long-term Changementioning

confidence: 89%

Section: (D) Long-term Changementioning

confidence: 95%

Does Variability in Salivary Protein Concentrations Influence Oral Microbial Ecology and Oral Health?

Rudney

1995

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In normal healthy individuals, histatin levels decrease with age (Johnson et al 2000). In contrast, the concentrations of other salivary proteins show little change during aging in healthy, unmedicated people (Fox et al 1987;Wu et al 1993). Histatin levels are increased in otherwise healthy individuals who have experienced recurrent oral Candida infections (Bercier et al 1999) and in HIV-positive patients (Atkinson et al 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical Localization of Histatins in Human Salivary Glands

Ahmad

Piludu

Oppenheim

et al. 2004

J Histochem Cytochem.

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Connecticut (ARH)S U M M A R Y Histatins are a family of salivary proteins with bactericidal and fungicidal activities that contribute to the innate defense of the oral cavity. Histatins are present in the serous granules of the parotid and submandibular glands. The important role of histatins in saliva, and the limited information on their cellular and subcellular distribution, prompted us to further define the localization of histatins in the major salivary glands. Immunogold-silver staining of 1-m sections of plastic-embedded tissue with anti-histatin antibody revealed histatin immunoreactivity in the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, the serous demilune cells of the submandibular and sublingual glands, and in occasional intercalated duct cells. No reactivity was seen in mucous cells or in striated or excretory duct cells. Electron microscopic observations of thin sections labeled with anti-histatin and gold-labeled secondary antibodies revealed immunoreactivity associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and in secretory granules of serous acinar and demilune cells. The granules of parotid acinar cells exhibited relatively uniform labeling of their content, whereas the granules of serous cells in the submandibular and sublingual glands showed variable labeling of the dense and light regions of their content. A few intercalated duct cells adjacent to the acinar cells also exhibited labeled granules. These results suggest that the serous cells of the major glands are the main source of histatins in human saliva. They are also consistent with several previous studies demonstrating the variable distribution of different proteins within the granule content.

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“…Studies conducted among hospitalized [4] and nonhospitalized [5][6][7] geriatric populations have demonstrated altered production of the salivary antimicrobial proteins lysozyme and lactoferrin compared to younger healthy adult populations. Lysozyme, a 14-kD ubiquitous protein also known as muramidase, exhibits potent bactericidal and fungicidal properties against pathogenic microorganisms such as oral streptococci [8] and Candida albicans [9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Younger patients with immunodeficiencies such as HIV infection [11][12][13] and serum immunoglobulin A deficiency [14] also exhibit impaired production of these key defense factors compared to their immunocompetent counterparts. These studies suggest that diminished production of antimicrobial factors may contribute to the increased risk of oral mucosal disease among the elderly [4][5][6][7] and persons with severe immunodeficiencies [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Concentration of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor, an Antimicrobial Protein, Is Decreased with Advanced Age

2001

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Background: Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) exhibits antimicrobial activities that, in addition to other well-characterized proteins such as lysozyme and lactoferrin, is thought to play a critical role in mucosal defenses. Although elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to mucosal infections, salivary production of SLPI has not been assessed in an aged cohort. Objectives: Hypothesizing that oral SLPI concentrations are reduced with advanced age, this cross-sectional study compared SLPI concentrations to concentrations of lysozyme, lactoferrin and total protein in unstimulated salivary secretions of healthy, community-dwelling 79+-year-old and younger adults. Methods: Study participants were 45 non-hospitalized dentate adults aged 79–89 (23 elderly) or 21–51 years (22 non-elderly). Home-based interviews and clinical examinations determined dentate status and confirmed the absence of dentures, oral mucosal disease, anti-infective medication use, irradiation therapy for head and neck cancer and self-perceived xerostomia. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected from all subjects and analyzed for antimicrobial protein concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for total protein content by the bicinchoninic acid method. Bivariate and multivariate (generalized linear modeling) analyses evaluated the relationships between age, gender and salivary protein concentrations. Results: Mean salivary levels of SLPI and lysozyme were lower in elderly compared with non-elderly subjects (p < 0.001), unlike lactoferrin and total protein levels. Similar results were obtained when concentrations of the individual proteins were normalized to the total protein concentration, suggesting that glandular production of SLPI and lysozyme preferentially decreases with aging. Gender differences were detected only for SLPI concentrations; males had lower SLPI levels than females regardless of age (p < 0.01). Generalized linear models confirmed that age (p < 0.001) and gender (p < 0.05) were each associated with the SLPI concentration and together accounted for 50% of the variation in SLPI concentration in this population. Conclusion: These findings indicate that SLPI production is diminished among healthy community-dwelling older adults, particularly elderly males. Further investigation should determine the impact of decreased local SLPI production on the increased risk of oral mucosal disease with advanced age.

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Secretion of Antimicrobial Proteins from the Parotid Glands of Different Aged Healthy Persons

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Does Variability in Salivary Protein Concentrations Influence Oral Microbial Ecology and Oral Health?

Does Variability in Salivary Protein Concentrations Influence Oral Microbial Ecology and Oral Health?

Immunocytochemical Localization of Histatins in Human Salivary Glands

Salivary Concentration of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor, an Antimicrobial Protein, Is Decreased with Advanced Age

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