Secretion of
            <i>E,E</i>
            -Farnesol and Biofilm Formation in Eight Different
            <i>Candida</i>
            Species

Weber, Kenneth A.; Sohr, R.; Schulz, Bettina; Fleischhacker, Michael; Ruhnke, Markus

doi:10.1128/aac.01665-08

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The need for this straightforward goal is reinforced by the large variability in farnesol measurements reported by different laboratories. For instance, our lab typically reported 2-4 µM farnesol while Weber et al (2008; reported 40-50 µM. Also, the farnesol levels detected by different individuals in our lab often varied greatly from year to year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…We concluded that farnesol secretion is a nearly universal feature of clinical isolates of C. albicans (Hornby and Nickerson 2004). The seven strains of C. albicans studied by Weber et al (2008) varied fourfold in terms of the levels of farnesol secreted. Later, Jung et al (2016) compared 149 isolates of C. albicans from blood stream infections in ten Korean hospitals; they found that all of them produced farnesol and that their levels of maximum production varied by 70-fold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…It extracts the molecules of interest (farnesol, phenethyl alcohol, tyrosol, and tryptophol) into ethyl acetate rather than hexane in order to quantify all four molecules in the same assay. Hexane is a slightly better solvent for the extraction of farnesol (Hornby and Nickerson 2004; Weber et al 2008Weber et al , 2010, but it does not extract the aromatic fusel alcohols as well. This latter feature is highly desirable because there are many reports in the literature that aromatic fusel alcohols also alter fungal cell morphogenesis (Chen and Fink 2006;Rodrigues and Černáková 2020).…”

Section: Methods Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farnesol acts as a chemoattractant for both macrophages (Hargarten et al 2015) and neutrophils (Zawrotniak et al 2019), with the farnesol being detected by the TLR2 receptors of the two cell types (Ghosh et al 2010;Zawrotniak et al 2019). Examination of eight different Candida species found that only C. albicans and C. dubliniensis secreted farnesol (Weber et al 2008). Critically, farnesol blocks biofilm formation in both C. albicans (Ramage et al 2002) and C. dubliniensis (Jabra-Rizk et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative assay for farnesol and the aromatic fusel alcohols from the fungus Candida albicans

Boone

Gutzmann

Kramer

et al. 2022

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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The dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is a commensal and opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. It secretes at least four small lipophilic molecules, farnesol and three aromatic fusel alcohols. Farnesol has been identified as both a quorum sensing molecule (QSM) and a virulence factor. Our gas chromatography (GC)-based assay for these molecules exhibits high throughput, prevention of analyte loss by avoiding filtration and rotary evaporation, simultaneous cell lysis and analyte extraction by ethyl acetate, and the ability to compare whole cultures with their cell pellets and supernatants. Farnesol synthesis and secretion were separable phenomena and pellet:supernatant ratios for farnesol were high, up to 12:1. The assay was validated in terms of precision, specificity, ruggedness, accuracy, solution stability, detection limits (DL), quantitation limits (QL), and dynamic range. The DL for farnesol was 0.02 ng/µl (0.09 µM). Measurement quality was assessed by the relative error of the whole culture versus the sum of pellet and supernatant fractions (WPS). C. albicans strain SC5314 grown at 30 °C in complex and defined media (YPD and mRPMI) was assayed in biological triplicate 17 times over 3 days. Farnesol and the three aromatic fusel alcohols can be measured in the same assay. The levels of all four are greatly altered by the growth medium chosen. Significantly, the three fusel alcohols are synthesized during stationary phase, not during growth. They are secreted quickly without being retained in the cell pellet and may accumulate up to mM concentrations. Key points• Quantitative analysis of both intra-and extracellular farnesol, and aromatic fusel oils.• High throughput, whole culture assay with simultaneous lysis and extraction.• Farnesol secretion and synthesis are distinct and separate events.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Methods Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quantitative assay for farnesol and the aromatic fusel alcohols from the fungus Candida albicans

Boone

Gutzmann

Kramer

et al. 2022

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Farnesol compounds are not exclusively produced by C. albicans , and have been previously reported to be produced in small abundances by various Candida spp. including C. parapsilosis [ 38 ]. Other previously reported bioactive components that were detected in the Candida volatilomes included ethanol [ 37 , 39 , 40 ]; phenylethyl alcohol [ 41 , 42 ]; 1-butanol, 3-methyl- (isoamyl alcohol) [ 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]; 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate- (isoamyl acetate) [ 37 , 39 , 40 ]; ethyl acetate [ 37 , 39 , 40 ]; and propanoic acid, 2-methyl, ethyl ester [ 37 , 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Strain and -Species Investigation of Volatile Metabolites Emitted from Planktonic and Biofilm Candida Cultures

et al. 2022

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Candida parapsiliosis is a prevalent neonatal pathogen that attains its virulence through its strain-specific ability to form biofilms. The use of volatilomics, the profiling of volatile metabolites from microbes is a non-invasive, simple way to identify and classify microbes; it has shown great potential for pathogen identification. Although C. parapsiliosis is one of the most common clinical fungal pathogens, its volatilome has never been characterised. In this study, planktonic volatilomes of ten clinical strains of C. parapsilosis were analysed, along with a single strain of Candida albicans. Headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed to analyse the samples. Species-, strain-, and media- influences on the fungal volatilomes were investigated. Twenty-four unique metabolites from the examined Candida spp. (22 from C. albicans; 18 from C. parapsilosis) were included in this study. Chemical classes detected across the samples included alcohols, fatty acid esters, acetates, thiols, sesquiterpenes, and nitrogen-containing compounds. C. albicans volatilomes were most clearly discriminated from C. parapsilosis based on the detection of unique sesquiterpene compounds. The effect of biofilm formation on the C. parapsilosis volatilomes was investigated for the first time by comparing volatilomes of a biofilm-positive strain and a biofilm-negative strain over time (0–48 h) using a novel sampling approach. Volatilomic shifts in the profiles of alcohols, ketones, acids, and acetates were observed specifically in the biofilm-forming samples and attributed to biofilm maturation. This study highlights species-specificity of Candida volatilomes, and also marks the clinical potential for volatilomics for non-invasively detecting fungal pathogens. Additionally, the range of biofilm-specificity across microbial volatilomes is potentially far-reaching, and therefore characterising these volatilomic changes in pathogenic fungal and bacterial biofilms could lead to novel opportunities for detecting severe infections early.

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New holistic approach for the management of biofilm‐associated infections by myco‐metabolites

et al. 2022

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Biofilm‐associated infections have increased excessively over the recent years due to the increased population having impaired immune systems or as a result of certain medical conditions like transplantation, cancer, and any other chronic ailments. The abrupt enhancement of antibiotic resistance and enhanced utilization of biomedical devices offer new opportunities for microbial colonization leading to the development of microbial biofilms. Total eradication of recalcitrant microbial biofilms demands the adoption of a holistic approach and since the fungal metabolites enriched with bioactive compounds show efficacy in inhibiting the multiple factors behind biofilm formation, the anti‐biofilm activities of fungal metabolites need to be appraised. Being effective in preventing various steps of biofilm formation, including inhibition of surface adhesion and cell‐to‐cell communication through quorum quenching, blocking of quorum sensing receptors, and enzymes involved in microbial cell wall biosynthesis, targeting the virulence factors and finally killing of biofilm bound individual cells; myco‐metabolites are found effective as a potent holistic anti‐biofilm agent. The wide spectrum of bioactive substances of fungi and their anti‐biofilm activities against different pathogens and their multitarget characteristics are very promising in the field of treating biofilm infections.

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Secretion of E,E -Farnesol and Biofilm Formation in Eight Different Candida Species

Cited by 6 publications

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Quantitative assay for farnesol and the aromatic fusel alcohols from the fungus Candida albicans

Quantitative assay for farnesol and the aromatic fusel alcohols from the fungus Candida albicans

Multi-Strain and -Species Investigation of Volatile Metabolites Emitted from Planktonic and Biofilm Candida Cultures

New holistic approach for the management of biofilm‐associated infections by myco‐metabolites

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