Section and Total Scattering Strengths of Individual Fish Schools

Computer Simulation of Broadband Single-target Echo Waveforms and its Application

“…8) The generated multiple-target echo waveforms will be applicable to studies on species-identification methods. A noise can be added to single-or multiple-target echo waveforms, allowing investigation of the effect of signal-to-noise ratio on measuring target strengths and volume backscattering strengths.…”

“…Although not realistic, this assumption was simple from the viewpoint of acoustic scattering and suitable for the purposes of this study. The aggregation shape was assumed as a rectangular parallelepiped with a size larger than twice the 95% beam width 8,22) …”

“…2,5) Computer simulations are helpful for verification because answers such as ground-truth data can be arbitrarily assumed in advance. Kang,6) Furusawa and Amakasu, 7) and Furusawa 8) generated multiple-target echo waveforms by summing a large number of single-target echo waveforms, and applied them to studies on species-identification methods. In the aforementioned simulation studies, use of conventional scientific echosounders was assumed, and therefore a narrowband tone-burst…”

Effects of Noise and Absorption on High Frequency Measurements of Acoustic-Backscatter from Fish

“…Furthermore, the SNR for the average value of volume backscattering coefficients ( ) as the output of echo integration decreases especially for single scatterers for the following reason. The are obtained for each of the multiple scatterers, single scatterers, and even noise in each minimal processing cell called a pixel which is the region enclosed by a ping period and a sampling period along the depth axis [14]. The output of echo integration is the integration of the pixel over an area of a lager integration cell.…”