“…Physical meanings and most of the solar-system references are taken from the compilations by Will [ 147 ]. References: γ PPN , solar system: [ 51 ]; β, solar system: [ 118 ]; ξ, solar system: [ 105 ]; α 1 , solar system: [ 95 ], pulsar: [ 146 ]; α 2 , solar system: [ 105, 152 ]; α 3 , solar system: [ 152 ], pulsar: [ 146 ]; ζ 2 , pulsar: [ 149 ]; ζ 3 , solar system: [ 15, 152 ]; η, Δ net , solar system: [ 45 ], pulsar: [ 146 ];
, pulsar: [ 6 ]; Ġ/G , solar system: [ 45, 115, 59 ], pulsar: [ 135 ] .Parameter | Physical meaning | Solar-system test | Limit | Pulsar test | Limit |
γ
PPN
| Space curvature produced by unit rest mass | VLBI, light deflection; measures | γ PPN −1| | 3×10 -4 | | |
β
| Non-linearity in superposition law for gravity | Perihelion shift of Mercury; measures | β −1| | 3×10 -3 | | |
ξ
| Preferred-location effects | Solar alignment with ecliptic | 4×10 -7 | | |
α
1
| Preferred-frame effects | Lunar laser ranging | 10 -4 | Ensemble of binary pulsars | 1.4×10 -4 |
α
2
| Preferred-frame effects | Solar alignment with ecliptic | 4×10 -7 | | |
α
3
| Preferred-frame effects and nonconservation of momentum | Perihelion shift of Earth and Mercury | 2×10 -7 | Ensemble of binary pulsars | 1.5×10 -19 |
ζ
1
| Non-conservation of momentum | Combined PPN limits | 2×10 -2 | | |
ζ
2
| Non-conservation of momentum | | | Limit on P̈ for PSR B1913+16 | 4×10 -5 |
ζ
3
| Non-conservation of momentum | Lunar acceleration | 10 -8 | | |
ζ
4
| Non-conservation of momentum | Not independent | | | |
η , Δ net | Gravitational Stark effect | Lunar laser ranging | 10 -3 | Ensemble of binary pulsars | 9×10 -3 |
| Pulsar... |
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