Secure space–time-modulated millimetre-wave wireless links that are resilient to distributed eavesdropper attacks

Venkatesh, Suresh; Lu, Xuyang; Tang, Bingjun; Sengupta, Kaushik

doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00664-z

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Since the STC digital metasurface has the characteristics of directional modulation, [48] we combine it with the ANN-enabled DOA estimation to construct a new paradigm of physical-layer secure communication. [58,59] As an illustrative example, we explore the implementation of a binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) modulation scheme to elaborate on the principle of secure communication. Here, we assume that the incident angle is θ i = 30°, and two sets of STC matrices M 0 and M 1 are optimized to implement direct BFSK modulation for the user located in the direction of θ i , as shown in Figure 6a,b.…”

Section: Physical-layer Secure Communication Based On the Stc Digital...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Neural Network for Direction‐of‐Arrival Estimation and Secure Wireless Communications Via Space‐Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces

Chen

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has long been an attractive research topic in various industries and is a vital technique for intelligent wireless systems. Conventional DOA estimation methods based on array antennas suffer from high latency in signal postprocessing, leading to complex hardware architecture, high cost, and low efficiency. Recently, some metasurface‐based methods have emerged as alternatives, but they have limited applications due to the stringent requirements for equipment and environment. Here, an efficient method is proposed to lift these limitations by combining artificial neural networks (ANNs) with space‐time‐coding (STC) digital metasurfaces. The ANN‐enabled DOA estimation achieves high accuracy by simply analyzing the spatial‐spectral characteristics of the STC modulation, which utilizes only harmonic amplitudes without phases, and thus features a much‐simplified hardware architecture. The proposed method does not require large computational resources and is more robust in practical applications. For validation, several ANN models trained with simulated and measured data are presented in a microwave regime. Moreover, a potential application of this method is demonstrated in secure communications. The proposed theory and metasurface provide on‐demand selections of ANN models for reaching optimal DOA estimations in different scenarios, which holds promising applications in wireless sensing, communication, radar, and other self‐adaptive information systems.

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Section: Physical-layer Secure Communication Based On the Stc Digital...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Neural Network for Direction‐of‐Arrival Estimation and Secure Wireless Communications Via Space‐Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces

Chen

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Such beamforming can be efficiently performed in the proposed programmable MTM-LWAs through the use of digital codes. The mathematical expression for the received signal in this case, which is a function of channel gains between the antenna elements at the transmitter and those at the receiver, can be obtained in a similar fashion to (8) based on the Ξ function (11), which here we denote by Ξ(H, q u ) to emphasize its dependence on the channel gains H (see Supplementary Note 4).…”

Section: Wireless Channel and Ber Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, DM can be realized by conventional approaches for radio frequency (RF) front-ends, such as phased antenna array or digital beamforming, to provide the necessary weighting coefficients to distort (and diminish) modulated signals at undesired directions [8,9,10]. More recently, the implementation of DM for mmWave communication has been studied through spatio-temporal transmitter arrays which are realizable in silicon chips [11,12]. Nevertheless, DM phased arrays require the use of phase shifters to change phases constantly at the baseband signal modulation rate to control the excitation coefficients at the input ports [7,13], whereas digital beamforming techniques involve bulky structures to accommodate multiple transceivers that can be very complex [6], power consuming and expensive due to the heavy use of data converters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Nooraiepour¹,

Vosoughitabar²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Developing low-cost and scalable security solutions is vital to the advent of future large-scale wireless networks. Traditional cryptographic methods fail to meet the low-latency and scalability requirements of these networks due to their computational and key management complexity. On the other hand, physical layer (PHY) security has been put forth as a cost-effective alternative to cryptographic mechanisms that can circumvent the need for explicit key exchange between communication devices, owing to the fact that PHY security relies on the physics of the signal transmission for providing security. In this work, we propose a space-time-modulated digitally-coded metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antenna (LWA) that can enable PHY security by achieving the functionalities of directional modulation (DM). From the theoretical perspective, we first show how the proposed space-time MTM antenna architecture can achieve DM through both the spatial and spectral manipulation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal received by a user equipment (UE). Simulation results are then provided as proof-of-principle, demonstrating the applicability of our approach for achieving DM in various communication settings. To further validate our simulation results, we realize a prototype of the proposed architecture controlled by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which achieves DM via an optimized coding sequence carried out by the branch-and-bound algorithm corresponding to the states of the MTM LWA's unit cells. Experimental results confirm the theory behind the space-time-modulated MTM LWA in achieving DM, which is observed via both the spectral harmonic patterns and bit error rate (BER) measurements.

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“…The opening up of microwave and millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) part of the electromagnetic spectrum (20–100+ GHz) for fifth generation (5G) communication has to led to researchers exploiting these millimeter scale wavelengths for imaging and sensing applications for the next generation of robotics, cyber‐physical and autonomous systems, space applications, remote sensing, automotive radars, nondestructive testing, material characterization, security screening, and bio‐medical screening. [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] These waves have the ability to penetrate dielectrics, clothing, cloud, and dust, while allowing high resolution imaging due to their smaller wavelengths. [ 15 ] In addition, the advancement of semiconductor chipsets operating in the microwave and mm‐Wave region, high density of integration, and high dynamic range, has resulted in scalable phased array architectures across the mm‐Wave range for communication, sensing, and imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origami Microwave Imaging Array: Metasurface Tiles on a Shape‐Morphing Surface for Reconfigurable Computational Imaging

Venkatesh

Sturm

et al. 2022

Advanced Science

Self Cite

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Origami is the art of paper folding that allows a single flat piece of paper to assume different 3D shapes depending on the fold patterns and the sequence of folding. Using the principles of origami along with computation imaging technique the authors demonstrate a versatile shape‐morphing microwave imaging array with reconfigurable field‐of‐view and scene‐adaptive imaging capability. Microwave/millimeter‐wave based array imaging systems are expected to be the workhorse for sensory perception of future autonomous intelligent systems. The imaging capability of a planar array‐based systems operating in complex scattering conditions have limited field‐of‐view and lack the ability to adaptively reconfigure resolution. To overcome this, here, deviations from planarity and isometry are allowed, and a shape‐morphing computational imaging system is demonstrated. Implemented on a reconfigurable Waterbomb origami surface with 22 active metasurface panels that radiate near‐orthogonal modes across 17–27 GHz, capability to image complex 3D objects in full details minimizing the effects of specular reflections in diffraction‐limited sparse imaging with scene adaptability, reconfigurable cross‐range resolution, and field‐of‐view is demonstrated. Such electromagnetic origami surfaces, through simultaneous surface shape‐morphing ability (potentially with shape‐shifting electronic materials) and electromagnetic field programmability, opens up new avenues for intelligent and robust sensing and imaging systems for a wide range of applications.

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Secure space–time-modulated millimetre-wave wireless links that are resilient to distributed eavesdropper attacks

Cited by 39 publications

References 48 publications

Artificial Neural Network for Direction‐of‐Arrival Estimation and Secure Wireless Communications Via Space‐Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces

Artificial Neural Network for Direction‐of‐Arrival Estimation and Secure Wireless Communications Via Space‐Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces

Space-Time Digitally-Coded Metamaterial Antenna Enabled Directional Modulation for Physical Layer Security

Origami Microwave Imaging Array: Metasurface Tiles on a Shape‐Morphing Surface for Reconfigurable Computational Imaging

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